scholarly journals Functional Status of Pancreatic α and β Cells in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Different Plasma Triglyceride Levels: A Retrospective Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hang Guo ◽  
Chunlei Ma ◽  
Xiaoming Wu ◽  
Congqing Pan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Triglyceride ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function

Objective. To investigate the functional status of pancreatic α and β cells in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with different plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. TG levels can be prognostic markers for T2DM. Methods. A total of 328 patients with T2DM were divided into three groups according to different TG levels: the TGL group: TG < 1.7 mmol/L; TGM group: 1.7 mmol/L ≤ TG < 2.3 mmol/L; and TGH group: TG ≥ 2.3 mmol/L. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin release test, and glucagon release test were performed in each patient. The changes of glucagon, glucagon/insulin ratio, early insulin secretion index ( Δ I 30 / Δ G 30 ), and area under the insulin curve (AUCI) were compared among each group. Also, the correlations between glucagon and pancreatic β-cell function, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and other indices were analyzed. Results. With the increase of TG, the fasting and postprandial glucagon levels, the glucagon/insulin ratio, and the area under the glucagon curve (AUCG) presented an increasing trend. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA–IR) of the TGH group was significantly increased compared to the TGL and TGM groups. In addition to the increase in TG levels, the insulin sensitivity index (ISI), homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function index (HOMA-β), Δ I 30 / Δ G 30 , and AUCI displayed a reducing trend. Glucagon was negatively correlated with Δ I 30 / Δ G 30 , high-density lipoprotein (HDL), HOMA-β, body mass index (BMI), ISI, and AUCI ( P < 0.05 ) and positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (FPG), AUCG, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, duration, TG, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol (TC) ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Hypertriglyceridemia aggravated the dysfunction of pancreatic α and β cells. A reasonable control of the TG level makes it easier for blood glucose to reach the standard.

scholarly journals Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and M Value in Daily Profile of Glucose

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Ebe ◽  
Hiroshi Bando ◽  
Tetsuo Muneta ◽  
Masahiro Bando ◽  
Yoshikazu Yonei
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immunoreactive Insulin ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function

Background: Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie Restriction (CR) have been on discussion for years. Authors have continued diabetic research about LCD, CR, Morbus (M) value and insulin secretion. In this study, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was investigated. Subjects and Methods: Subjects enrolled were 52 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (average 62.3 years). Methods included the measurement of fasting glucose and immunoreactive insulin (IRI), daily profile of blood glucose and M value. Results: The obtained data were as follows: average HbA1c 8.0%, average glucose of daily profile 222 mg/dL. Median data were M value 151, HOMA-R 1.07, HOMA-β 11.1. Divided into 4 groups due to M value, the levels of HOMA-R and HOMA-β in each group were 0.68, 1.08, 1.64, 1.38 and 16.9, 16.3, 10.2, 5.3, respectively. Significant correlation were observed between M value and HOMA-R (p<0.01), and between M value and HOMA-β (p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: As M value increases, HOMA-R increases and HOMA-β decreases. These findings suggested that diabetic patients would have insulin resistance and decreased β cell function correlated to the severity of diabetes, and that obtained results would become the basal data in this field, expecting the further development in the future research. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Morbus value (M value), Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R), Homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β), Daily profile of blood glucose, Immunoreactive insulin (IRI)

scholarly journals Herbal Medicines Targeting the Improved β-Cell Functions and β-Cell Regeneration for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Akurange Sujeevi Dammadinna Wickramasinghe ◽  
Pabasara Kalansuriya ◽  
Anoja Priyadarshani Attanayake
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Cell Regeneration ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Glucose Transporter 2 ◽  
Β Cell Function

There is an increasing trend of investigating natural bioactive compounds targeting pancreatic β-cells for the prevention/treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). With the exploration of multiple mechanisms by which β-cells involve in the pathogenesis of DM, herbal medicines are gaining attention due to their multitasking ability as evidenced by traditional medicine practices. This review attempts to summarize herbal medicines with the potential for improvement of β-cell functions and regeneration as scientifically proven by in vivo/in vitro investigations. Furthermore, attempts have been made to identify the mechanisms of improving the function and regeneration of β-cells by herbal medicines. Relevant data published from January 2009 to March 2020 were collected by searching electronic databases “PubMed,” “ScienceDirect,” and “Google Scholar” and studied for this review. Single herbal extracts, polyherbal mixtures, and isolated compounds derived from approximately 110 medicinal plants belonging to 51 different plant families had been investigated in recent years and found to be targeting β-cells. Many herbal medicines showed improvement of β-cell function as observed through homeostatic model assessment-β-cell function (HOMA-β). Pancreatic β-cell regeneration as observed in histopathological and immunohistochemical studies in terms of increase of size and number of functional β-cells was also prominent. Increasing β-cell mass via expression of genes/proteins related to antiapoptotic actions and β-cell neogenesis/proliferation, increasing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via activating glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) receptors, and/or increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels were observed upon treatment of some herbal medicines. Some herbal medicines acted on various insulin signaling pathways. Furthermore, many herbal medicines showed protective effects on β-cells via reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. However, there are many unexplored avenues. Thus, further investigations are warranted in elucidating mechanisms of improving β-cell function and mass by herbal medicines, their structure-activity relationship (SAR), and toxicities of these herbal medicines.

Longitudinal Glycaemic Profiles during Remission in 6q24-Related Transient Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 229-234
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Sato ◽  
Tsuyoshi Isojima ◽  
Kiyomi Takamiya ◽  
Kahoko Motoyama ◽  
Shigehiro Enkai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Neonatal Diabetes ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Transient Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Intake ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
Transient Neonatal Diabetes

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) is a rare condition that is characterized by the presence of diabetes mellitus during the first 6 months of life and remission by 18 months of age. It usually relapses at a median age of 14 years. Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia is a relatively common complication during remission. Although β-cell function is reported to be impaired at relapse, the clinical course of glycaemic profiles during remission in patients with TNDM remains largely unknown. <b><i>Case Presentation:</i></b> Longitudinal glycaemic profiles were investigated annually from remission (185 days) to relapse (14.5 years) in a patient with TNDM due to paternal 6q24 duplication using the oral glucose tolerance test (glucose intake: 1.75 g/kg to a maximum of 75 g). The patient’s β-cell function and insulin sensitivity were assessed by calculating the insulinogenic index, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and Matsuda index. Early insulin response to glucose intake was impaired throughout remission, whereas fasting insulin and β-cell function by HOMA-β gradually increased in the first few years since remission, followed by a gradual decline in function. In contrast, HOMA-IR fluctuated and peaked at 6.5 years of age. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This is the first report of annual longitudinal glycaemic profiles in a patient with 6q24-related TNDM during remission. We identified fluctuations in β-cell function and insulin resistance during remission.

scholarly journals The relationship between red blood cell distribution and islet β-cell function indexes in patients with type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyuan Zhang ◽  
Siqi Zhang ◽  
Lifang Wang ◽  
Tianrong Pan ◽  
Xing Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Cell Distribution ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

Abstract Background Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a predicter of infections, cancer and diabetes. However, the relationship between RDW and β-cell function and insulin resistance remains unclear in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between RDW and β-cell function in patients with T2DM. Methods A total of 559 T2DM patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles. Clinical and biochemical characteristics such as age, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, RDW, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-peptide and lipid profiles were collected. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA2%B) were assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting C-peptide index (FCPI). Correlations and multiple linear regressions were performed to explore the association between RDW and islet function indexes in total population and in different gender subgroups. Results The HOMA2%B gradually increased according to RDW tertiles (lowest, second, highest RDW tertiles; 47.1(32.9–75.4), 54.05(34.1–81), and 57.9(38.65–95.4), respectively; P = 0.036). Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant correlations between RDW and age, diabetes duration, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG), aspartate transaminase (AST), FBG, HbA1c and HOMA2%B in all subjects. In male subjects, RDW correlated positively with age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and AST, and it correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI), DBP and TG. In female subjects, RDW correlated positively with age, duration, serum creatinine (Cr), FCPI and HOMA2%B, and it correlated negatively with alanine transaminase (ALT), FBG and HbA1c. Multiple linear regressions indicated that RDW was significantly correlated with HOMA2%B and HbA1c in the total population in both unadjusted and adjusted analysis. This finding could be reproduced in the subgroup of men for HOMA2%B only and in women for HbA1c only. Conclusions RDW is associated with β-cell function assessed by HOMA2%B after adjusting for covariates in male T2DM patients.

Plasma Secretagogin is Increased in Individuals with Glucose Dysregulation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yang ◽  
Hua Qu ◽  
Xiaolan Zhao ◽  
Yingru Hu ◽  
Jiayao Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
First Phase Insulin Secretion

Abstract Objective Secretagogin, a Ca2+ binding protein, is one of the most abundant proteins in pancreatic β-cells and is critical for maintaining the structural integrity and signaling competence of β-cells. This study seeks to assess the concentrations of plasma secretagogin in participants with prediabetes (pre-DM) and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to explore its relationship to parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism, first-phase insulin secretion, insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell function. Materials and Methods A total of 126 eligible subjects were divided into three groups: a normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n=45), a pre-DM (n=30), and a T2DM (n=51) group. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed, and clinical and biochemical parameters were measured for all subjects. Results Plasma secretagogin levels were significantly higher in both pre-DM and T2DM patients compared with NGT subjects and were highest in the T2DM group. Correlation analysis showed that plasma secretagogin levels were positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose, postchallenge plasma glucose (2hPG), HbA1c and body mass index (BMI) but were not correlated with waist-hip ratio, blood pressure, lipid profiles, fasting serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function and first-phase insulin secretion indicators. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that 2hPG and BMI were independent predictors for elevation of plasma secretagogin concentrations. Conclusions Increased circulating secretagogin might be a molecular predictor for early diagnosis of diabetes. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding and explore the role of secretagogin in obesity.

scholarly journals Leptin Levels, β-Cell Function, and Insulin Sensitivity in Families with Congenital and Acquired Generalized Lipoatropic Diabetes1

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-508
Author(s):  
Victor C. Pardini ◽  
Ivana M. N. Victória ◽  
Selma M. V. Rocha ◽  
Danielle G. Andrade ◽  
Aline M. Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
Specific Insulin

Lipoatropic diabetes (LD) designates a group of syndromes characterized by diabetes mellitus with marked insulin resistance and either a localized or generalized absence of adipose tissue. In this study, we evaluated plasma leptin levels in subjects with congenital generalized lipoatropic diabetes (CGLD, n = 11) or acquired generalized lipoatropic diabetes (AGLD, n = 11), and assessed correlations between leptin levels and estimations of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Leptin levels were 0.86 ± 0.32, 1.76 ± 0.78, and 6.9 ± 4.4 ng/mL in subjects with CGLD, AGLD, and controls (n = 19), respectively (ANOVA P &lt; 0.0001). Specific insulin levels were 154 ± 172, 177 ± 137 and 43 ± 22 pmol/L, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001). Insulin sensitivity was significantly decreased in both groups with LD (P&lt; 0.0001), whereas HOMA β-cell function was not significantly different when compared with controls. Leptin levels were significantly correlated with body mass index, insulin levels, and HOMA β-cell function, and inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in control subjects but not in subjects with generalized LD. In conclusion, decreased leptin levels were observed in subjects with generalized LD, with a trend towards lower levels in the acquired than in the congenital form (P = 0.06). The temporal relationship between the decrease in leptin levels and the development of lipoatrophy should be investigated in at-risk young relatives of subjects with the acquired forms to assess the usefulness of leptin levels as a marker of lipoatrophy.

scholarly journals Lipotoxicity and β-Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes: Oxidative Stress Linked to NADPH Oxidase and ER Stress

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3328
Author(s):  
Eloisa Aparecida Vilas-Boas ◽  
Davidson Correa Almeida ◽  
Leticia Prates Roma ◽  
Fernanda Ortis ◽  
Angelo Rafael Carpinelli
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function

A high caloric intake, rich in saturated fats, greatly contributes to the development of obesity, which is the leading risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). A persistent caloric surplus increases plasma levels of fatty acids (FAs), especially saturated ones, which were shown to negatively impact pancreatic β-cell function and survival in a process called lipotoxicity. Lipotoxicity in β-cells activates different stress pathways, culminating in β-cells dysfunction and death. Among all stresses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress have been shown to be strongly correlated. One main source of oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells appears to be the reactive oxygen species producer NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme, which has a role in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and in the β-cell demise during both T1 and T2D. In this review, we focus on the acute and chronic effects of FAs and the lipotoxicity-induced β-cell failure during T2D development, with special emphasis on the oxidative stress induced by NOX, the ER stress, and the crosstalk between NOX and ER stress.

scholarly journals Uric acid lowering improves insulin sensitivity and lowers blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized parallel-controlled clinical trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-95
Author(s):  
Qunchuan Zong ◽  
Guanyi Ma ◽  
Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function

Objectives: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether uric acid lowering treatment can improve β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and China Biology Medicine were searched up to March 1, 2020. Rand- omized controlled clinical trials of urate lowering therapy in hyperuricemia patients were included in meta-analysis. Effect size was estimated as mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Our search yielded 7 eligible trials with 503 participants. This meta-analysis showed that uric acid-lowering thera- py decreased fasting insulin -1.43 μIU/ml (weighted mean differences (WMD, 95% CI -2.78 to -0.09), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance -0.65 (WMD, 95% CI -1.05 to -0.24), systolic blood pressure -2.45 mm Hg (WMD, 95%CI -4.57 to -0.33) and diastolic blood pressure -3.41 mm Hg (WMD, 95%CI -3.87 to -2.95). However, the treatment had no significant effect on fasting plasma glucose (WMD -0.19 mmol/L, 95%CI -0.42 to 0.05), homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function index (WMD -0.02, 95%CI -0.28 to 0.24), total cholesterol (WMD 0.18 mg/dl; 95%CI, -1.39 to 1.75) and triglyceride (WMD 3.15 mg/dl, 95% CI -9.83 to 16.14). Conclusion: Uric acid-lowering therapies might improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood pressure, but had no significant effect on HOMA-β and serum lipids. Keywords: Hyperuricemia; uric acid lowering treatment; β-cell function; insulin sensitivity.

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