scholarly journals Bombesin-Like, Substance P and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Receptors in Fetal Cortical Homografts to Host Cortex and Spinal Cord

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry W. Moody ◽  
Reina L. Getz ◽  
William J. Goldberg ◽  
Jerald J. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Peptide Receptors ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Graft Donor ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Neuropeptide receptors were visualized in homografts of fetal cortex (E14) into adult rat cortex (immediate or 7 day delay) and spinal cord usingin vitroautoradiographic techniques to explore the expression of peptide receptors in the same graft tissue in different central nervous system implantation sites. Receptors for bombesin (BN)-like peptides developed in the grafts by 3 weeks postimplantation regardless of location or age of implantation pocket in host. After 4 weeks, the density of BN receptors was confined to the graft. In grafts to spinal cord, however, high densities of BN-like receptors were not confined to the graft but were distributed throughout the spinal cord. In contrast, the density of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) receptors was moderate and low to undetectable in the fetal grafts. The development of the peptide receptors studied was graft donor tissue specific since they were not altered by central nervous system implantation site.

Oxidative and glycolytic pathways in rat (newborn and adult) and turtle brain: role during anoxia

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (4) ◽  
pp. R595-R603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Xia ◽  
C. Jiang ◽  
G. G. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Iodoacetic Acid ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Adult Rat

Using enzyme histochemistry and in vitro electrophysiological recordings in brain slices, we studied 1) the relative activity of cytochrome c oxidase (Cytox) and hexokinase (HK) and 2) cellular function by examining ionic homeostasis across cell membranes in the turtle and newborn (5 days old) and adult rat central nervous system. We found that Cytox was higher in the rostral than in the caudal brain regions of the adult rat and that the activity in the newborn is at least as high as in the adult rat. In contrast, adult turtles had very low Cytox activity throughout the central nervous system. Compared with that in the adult rat, HK activity in the newborn was generally lower in the rostral brain and cerebellum but similar or higher in the brain stem and spinal cord. In the turtle, HK activity was higher in the cerebellum, brain stem, and ventral horn of the spinal cord than in those in the rat. During anoxia, extracellular K+ increased by approximately 10-fold (from 3.2 to approximately 32 mM) in the adult brain stem but only by 2.6 mM in newborn rats. After glycolysis was blocked with iodoacetic acid (10-20 mM), extracellular K+ increased remarkably in both adult and newborn rats to approximately 35 mM. In contrast, the turtle brain tissue showed a slight and insignificant increase in extracellular K+ during complete anoxia or with iodoacetic acid; there was a modest increase in K+ when anoxia and iodoacetate were administered together. We conclude that 1) the newborn rat brain must rely either on higher glycolytic capacity or on a reduction of metabolic rate during O2 deprivation and 2) the turtle brain can subsist on nonglucose fuels or on fuels not requiring the citric acid cycle and the electron transfer chain.

Neurotrophins affect the pattern of DRG neurite growth in a bioassay that presents a choice of CNS and PNS substrates

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1301-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Tuttle ◽  
W.D. Matthew
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Neurite Growth ◽  
Drg Neurons ◽  
Substrate Preferences

Neurons can be categorized in terms of where their axons project: within the central nervous system, within the peripheral nervous system, or through both central and peripheral environments. Examples of these categories are cerebellar neurons, sympathetic neurons, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, respectively. When explants containing one type of neuron were placed between cryosections of neonatal or adult sciatic nerve and neonatal spinal cord, the neurites exhibited a strong preference for the substrates that they would normally encounter in vivo: cerebellar neurites generally extended only on spinal cord, sympathetic neurites on sciatic nerve, and DRG neurites on both. Neurite growth from DRG neurons has been shown to be stimulated by neurotrophins. To determine whether neurotrophins might also affect the substrate preferences of neurites, DRG were placed between cryosections of neonatal spinal cord and adult sciatic nerve and cultured for 36 to 48 hours in the presence of various neurotrophins. While DRG cultured in NGF-containing media exhibited neurite growth over both spinal cord and sciatic nerve substrates, in the absence of neurotrophins DRG neurites were found almost exclusively on the CNS cryosection. To determine whether these neurotrophin-dependent neurite patterns resulted from the selective survival of subpopulations of DRG neurons with distinct neurite growth characteristics, a type of rescue experiment was performed: DRG cultured in neurotrophin-free medium were fed with NGF-containing medium after 36 hours in vitro and neurite growth examined 24 hours later; most DRG exhibited extensive neurite growth on both peripheral and central nervous system substrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide excitation of central neurons

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Phillis ◽  
J. R. Kirkpatrick ◽  
S. I. Said
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Central Neurons ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was tested on neurons in the rat sensory motor cerebral cortex and on the isolated hemisected toad spinal cord. Iontophoretically applied VIP excited deep, spontaneously active cortical neurons, including identified corticospinal neurons. The excitation had a latency of onset varying from several seconds to over 1 min and often lasted for a minute or longer after cessation of the application. Desensitization of the effect occurred with repeated applications. VIP caused a depolarization of motoneurons and dorsal root terminals in the isolated amphibian spinal cord. Threshold for this effect was about 10−6 M. The effects of VIP on both preparations were comparable with those of another peptide, substance P.

Teratogenic activity of methadone hydrochloride in mouse and chick embryos

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-458
Author(s):  
A. Jurand
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Cervical Area ◽  
Extensive Necrosis

Teratogenic activity of methadone HCl (Physeptone, Burroughs Wellcome and Co.) was tested on inbred JBT/Jd and outbred Q strain mouse embryos and on chick embryos. 22–24 mg/kg injected subcutaneously on the 9th day of pregnancy caused by the 13th day exencephaly in 56 out of 479 JBT/Jd embryos but after 32 mg/kg only in 1 out of 220 of the Q strain. Some affected JBT/Jd embryos showed also rachischisis in the cervical area. The second abnormality shown by the embryos of both strains is Z-shaped kinkage of the spinal cord. In explanted chick embryos cultured in vitro as well as in embryos treated in ovo methadone causes non-closure of the neural tube with extensive necrosis of the neural plate cells in the cephalic region. The results of this study indicate that methadone, which is a neutropic drug, has an embryotoxic activity directed against the developing central nervous system.

Multiple effects of neuropeptide Y, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on progesterone and oxytocin release from bovine corpus luteum in vitro

1993 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Miyamoto ◽  
A. Brückmann ◽  
H. von Lützow ◽  
D. Schams
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peptidergic Innervation ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

ABSTRACT Recent observations indicate that the rat ovary receives not only adrenergic but also peptidergic innervation. In ruminants, there are few data available on the extent of a possible direct regulation of the peptidergic innervation of the ovary including the corpus luteum (CL). The direct effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the release of progesterone and oxytocin from midluteal phase CL (days 8–12) were examined in vitro. A possible direct neural influence might provide a sensitive short-term control. Long-term as well as short-term effects were assessed using both a serumreduced luteal cell culture and a microdialysis system (MDS) of luteal tissue. In the long-term experiments, luteal cells were preincubated from the start of the culture for 48 h with NPY, SP and VIP (10 pmol/l–100 nmol/l). During the following 4 h the neuropeptides showed a dose-dependent stimulation of progesterone release, but there was no effect on oxytocin release. LH showed a synergistic effect with NPY, SP and VIP on progesterone release. In the short-term experiments, the neuropeptides were added 48 h after the start of the culture. All three peptides were most stimulatory to LH-supported progesterone release 30 min after addition, and the effect decreased greatly thereafter to the control level from 60 to 120 min. In contrast, LH alone induced the maximal progesterone stimulation at 120 min. In the MDS, a 30-min perfusion with NPY, SP or VIP (10 nmol/l, 100 nmol/l and 1 μmol/l) induced significant acute effects on progesterone and oxytocin release. At 10 and 100 nmol/l the neuropeptides slightly inhibited progesterone release, but stimulated oxytocin release. At 1 μmol/l, however, both progesterone and oxytocin release were stimulated. We conclude that neuropeptides NPY, SP and VIP act directly on progesterone and oxytocin release from bovine CL in vitro. The results suggest that the hormonal function of bovine CL may be partly influenced by peptidergic as well as adrenergic innervation. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 138, 451–458

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