scholarly journals Adaptability and Flexibility of the Human Motor System: Implications for Neurological Rehabilitation

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Mulder ◽  
Jacqueline Hochstenbach
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Of Learning ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Neurological Rehabilitation ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Learning And Change

This article stresses the plasticity of the adult sensorimotor cortex in response to various injuries or environmental changes. The dominant role of sensory input is discussed. A number of studies are presented that show how input may lead to learning and change. Learning is discussed in relation to recovery. It is shown how concepts from the field of motor control and learning may be used for improving neurological rehabilitation. Specific attention is given to the variability of input, the meaningfulness of input, and the role of the learning context. The learning context and the application context should have essential characteristics in common, otherwise transfer of learning will be non-optimal. It is argued that learning landscapes are necessary in order to treat patients in such a way that he learned skills are transferable to situations outside the hospital.

scholarly journals The dominant role of animal social status in vertebrate seed dispersal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah Bartel ◽  
John Orrock
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Plant Ecology ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Seed dispersal directly affects plant establishment, gene flow, and fitness. As a result, understanding patterns in seed dispersal is fundamental to understanding plant ecology and evolution, as well as addressing challenges of extinction and global change. Our ability to understand dispersal is limited because few frameworks have emerged that provide a means for predicting dispersal across time and space. We provide a novel framework that links seed dispersal to animal social status, a key component of behavior. Because social status affects individual resource access and movement, it provides a critical link to two factors that determine seed dispersal: the quantity of seeds dispersed and the spatial patterns of dispersal. Moreover, individual social status may have unappreciated effects on post-dispersal seed survival and recruitment when social status affects individual habitat use. Hence, environmental changes, such as selective harvesting and urbanization, that affect animal social structure may have unappreciated consequences for seed dispersal. The framework we present highlights these exciting new hypotheses linking environmental change, social structure, and seed dispersal. By outlining experimental approaches to test these hypotheses, we hope to facilitate studies across a wide diversity of plant-frugivore networks, which may uncover emerging hotspots or catastrophic losses of seed dispersal.

scholarly journals Human larynx motor cortices coordinates respiration for vocal-motor control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Belyk ◽  
Rachel Brown ◽  
Deryk S Beal ◽  
Alard Roebroeck ◽  
Carolyn McGettigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Ultra High Field ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Evolution Of Speech ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Powerful Mechanism ◽  
Speech Motor

Vocal flexibility is a hallmark of the human species, most particularly the capacity to speak and sing. The human motor system is unique in having two separate representations of the laryngeal muscles, where only one would be expected. The dorsal larynx area is known to integrate respiratory function which is provides a powerful mechanism in support of speech motor control, while less is known about the contributions of the ventral larynx. We localised the dorsal and ventral larynx motor cortices by having participants sing wordless melodies while undergoing ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging and tested the involvement of respiratory motor control in the same regions by having participants whistle simple melodies. Surprisingly, both singing and whistling increased activation of both ‘larynx areas’ despite the lack of involvement of the larynx during whistling. We provide the first evidence that this level of integration is not exclusive to the dLMC, suggesting a greater role of the vLMC in the evolution of speech than previously supposed. With this broader understanding of the human vocal-motor system, we outline predictions about the descending motor pathways that give these cortical areas access to both the laryngeal and respiratory systems.

Chronic Pain: Fundamental Scientific Considerations, Specifically for Legal Claims

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Problematic Relationship

Abstract Scientific findings have indicated that psychological and social factors are the driving forces behind most chronic benign pain presentations, especially in a claim context, and are relevant to at least three of the AMA Guides publications: AMA Guides to Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, AMA Guides to Work Ability and Return to Work, and AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The author reviews and summarizes studies that have identified the dominant role of financial, psychological, and other non–general medicine factors in patients who report low back pain. For example, one meta-analysis found that compensation results in an increase in pain perception and a reduction in the ability to benefit from medical and psychological treatment. Other studies have found a correlation between the level of compensation and health outcomes (greater compensation is associated with worse outcomes), and legal systems that discourage compensation for pain produce better health outcomes. One study found that, among persons with carpal tunnel syndrome, claimants had worse outcomes than nonclaimants despite receiving more treatment; another examined the problematic relationship between complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and compensation and found that cases of CRPS are dominated by legal claims, a disparity that highlights the dominant role of compensation. Workers’ compensation claimants are almost never evaluated for personality disorders or mental illness. The article concludes with recommendations that evaluators can consider in individual cases.

Higher-order representations of newly learnt action sounds in the human motor system

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Waszak ◽  
S. Schuetz-Bosbach ◽  
C. Weiss ◽  
L. Ticini
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Human Motor

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ РЕСПИРАТОРНОЙ АЛЛЕРГИИ НА ЮГЕ РОССИИ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.Sh. Macharadze
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Pollen Allergy ◽  
Respiratory Allergy ◽  
House Dust Mites ◽  
Dust Mites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Respiratory Allergies ◽  
Southern Russia

В обзорной статье приведены данные по распространенности респираторной аллергии - аллергического ринита и бронхиальной астмы на юге России, опубликованные за последние десятилетия. Показана доминирующая роль пыльцевой аллергии практически во всем южном регионе России. В Чеченской Республике у больных респираторной аллергией обнаружена сходная частота встречаемости сенсибилизации к клещам домашней пыли и пыльце злаковых трав (51,1 и 52,5 соответственно), тогда как сенсибилизация к пыльце амброзии и полыни встречалась в 3 раза реже (26,6 и 20,7 соответственно) по сравнению с соседними регионами юга России. Эти данные демонстрируют климатогеографические, экологические и другие региональные особенности в распространении респираторной аллергии.The review article presents data on the prevalence of respiratory allergy - allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in southern Russia, published over the past decades. The dominant role of pollen allergy is shown in almost the entire southern region of Russia. In the Chechen Republic, sensitization to house dust mites and grass pollen was found in patients with respiratory allergy equally (51.1 and 52.5, respectively), whereas ragweed and mugwort sensitization was 3 times less (26.6 and 20.7, respectively) compared with the neighboring regions of southern Russia. These data demonstrate climate-geographical, environmental and other regional features in the prevalence of respiratory allergies.

KEGAGALAN PRIVATISASI BUMN DI ERA REZIM ORDE BARU DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK

Wacana Publik ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsul Ma'arif
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Years ◽  
New Order ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Role Of The State

After had being carried out nationalization and hostility against west countries, the New Order regime made important decision to change Indonesia economic direction from etatism system to free market economy. A set of policies were taken in order private sector could play major role in economic. However, when another economic sectors were reformed substantially, effords to reform the State Owned Enterprises had failed. The State Owned Enterprise, in fact, remained to play dominant role like early years of guided democracy era. Role of the State Owned Enterprises was more and more powerfull). The main problem of reforms finally lied on reality that vested interest of bureaucrats (civil or military) was so large that could’nt been overcome. 

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildar Garipzanov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Sources Of Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Periods

The concluding chapter highlights how the cultural history of graphic signs of authority in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages encapsulated the profound transformation of political culture in the Mediterranean and Europe from approximately the fourth to ninth centuries. It also reflects on the transcendent sources of authority in these historical periods, and the role of graphic signs in highlighting this connection. Finally, it warns that, despite the apparent dominant role of the sign of the cross and cruciform graphic devices in providing access to transcendent protection and support in ninth-century Western Europe, some people could still employ alternative graphic signs deriving from older occult traditions in their recourse to transcendent powers.

Presence, Environment, and Sound and the Role of Imagination

2019 ◽  
pp. 667-681
Author(s):  
Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Actual World ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Dimension ◽  
The Creation ◽  
First Person Shooter ◽  
Selection Of

Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard addresses the role of sound in the creation of presence in virtual and actual worlds. He argues that imagination is a central part of the generation and selection of perceptual hypotheses—models of the world in which we can act—that emerge from what Grimshaw-Aagaard calls the “exo-environment” (the sensory input) and the “endo-environment” (the cognitive input). Grimshaw-Aagaard further divides the exo-environment into a primarily auditory and a primarily visual dimension and he deals with the actual world of his own apartment and the virtual world of first-person-shooter computer games in order to exemplify how we perceptually construct an environment that allows for the creation of presence.

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