Case 2: Associative Anamnesis with Cold Stimulus of Patient B

Excessive salt intake is considered a risk factor for the development of hypertension. Additionally, aberrant neuro-circulatory responses to a cold stimulus are associated with an increased risk of hypertension. This study aimed to determine whether salt loading versus salt reduction would impact hemodynamic and sympathetic neural responses during the cold pressor test (CPT) in premenopausal women with a history of normal pregnancy. Nine healthy premenopausal women [42±3 (SD) yr] were given a standardized isocaloric high salt (HS; 250 mEq sodium/day) or low salt (LS; 50 mEq sodium/day) diet for 1-week each (~2 months apart with the order randomized), while water intake was ad libitum. Laboratory testing was performed following each HS and LS period in the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Subjects were in the supine position and beat-by-beat blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were continuously measured during 1-minute baseline followed by 2-minute CPT and 3-minute recovery. BP and HR increased during the CPT (both P<0.001); the responses were similar between HS and LS. MSNA increased during the CPT, but the increment (D) was greater during HS than LS (29±6 vs. 15±4 bursts/min; P<0.001). The transduction of MSNA for vasoconstriction during the CPT was lower in HS (P<0.05). Thus, salt loading augments sympathetic neural reactivity to the cold stimulus with similar pressor responses compared to salt reduction, which may be attributed to the blunted neurovascular transduction ─ a compensatory mechanism for hemodynamic homeostasis in premenopausal women with a history of normal pregnancy.

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Effectiveness of nasopalatine nerve block for anesthesia of maxillary central incisors after failure of the anterior superior alveolar nerve block technique

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402007000100015 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 69-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tufi Neder Meyer ◽

Leonardo Lima Lemos ◽

Carolina Neder Matuck do Nascimento ◽

William Ricardo Ribeiro de Lellis

Keyword(s):

Young Adult ◽

Nerve Block ◽

Thermal Sensitivity ◽

Dental Students ◽

Sensitivity Test ◽

Healthy Young Adult ◽

Cold Stimulus ◽

Single Operator ◽

The University ◽

Adult Volunteers

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nasopalatine nerve block for anesthesia of maxillary central incisors after failure of the anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN) block technique. Secondarily, the possible innervation of the maxillary central incisors by the nasopalatine nerve was also investigated. Twenty-seven healthy, young adult volunteers (age: 17-26 years; gender: 9 males and 18 females) were enrolled in this study. All participants were undergraduate dental students of the University of Vale do Rio Verde de Três Corações. The volunteers had the anterior superior alveolar nerves anesthetized and a thermal sensitivity test (cold) was performed on the maxillary central incisors. The volunteers that responded positively to cold stimulus received a nasopalatine nerve block and the thermal sensitivity test was repeated. All participants were anesthetized by a single operator. Three patients presented sensitivity after both types of bilateral blocks and were excluded from the percentage calculations. In the remaining 24 patients, 16 had their maxillary central incisors anesthetized by the anterior superior alveolar block and 8 remained with sensitivity after the ASAN block. All these 8 patients had their maxillary central incisors successfully anesthetized by the nasopalatine block. In this study, 33.3% of the subjects had the innervation of one or both maxillary central incisors derived from the nasopalatine nerve, whilst most subjects (66.7%) had such teeth innervated by the anterior superior alveolar nerve. The nasopalatine nerve block was effective in anesthetizing the maxillary central incisors when the anterior superior alveolar nerve block failed.

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Cold priming uncouples light- and cold-regulation of gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

10.21203/rs.2.19977/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andras Bittner ◽

Jörn van Buer ◽

Margarete Baier

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽

Light Regulation ◽

High Light ◽

Cold Stimulus ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Specific Manner

Abstract Background: The majority of stress-sensitive genes responds to cold and high light in the same direction, if plants face the stresses for the first time. As shown recently for a small selection of genes of the core environmental stress response cluster, pre-treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with a 24 h long 4 °C cold stimulus modifies cold regulation of gene expression for up to a week at 20 °C, although the primary cold effects are reverted within the first 24 h. Such memory-based regulation is called priming. Here, we analyse the effect of 24 h cold priming on cold regulation of gene expression on a transcriptome-wide scale and investigate if and how cold priming affects light regulation of gene expression.Results: Cold-priming affected cold and excess light regulation of a small subset of genes. In contrast to the strong gene co-regulation observed upon cold and light stress in not-primed plants, most priming-sensitive genes were regulated in a stressor-specific manner in cold-primed plant. Furthermore, almost as much genes were inversely regulated as co-regulated by a 24 h long 4 °C cold treatment and exposure to heat-filtered high light (800 µmol quanta m-2 s-1). Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that cold priming preferentially supports expression of genes involved in the defence against plant pathogens upon cold triggering. The regulation took place on the cost of the expression of genes involved in growth regulation and transport. On the contrary, cold priming resulted in stronger expression of genes regulating metabolism and development and weaker expression of defence genes in response to high light triggering. qPCR with independently cultivated and treated replicates confirmed the trends observed in the RNASeq guide experiment.Conclusion: A 24 h long priming cold stimulus activates a several days lasting stress memory that controls cold and light regulation of gene expression and adjusts growth and defence regulation in a stressor-specific manner.

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