Fog computing scheduling algorithm for smart city

With the advent of the number of smart devices across the globe, increasing the number of users using the Internet. The main aim of the fog computing (FC) paradigm is to connect huge number of smart objects (billions of object) that can make a bright future for smart cities. Due to the large deployments of smart devices, devices are expected to generate huge amounts of data and forward the data through the Internet. FC also refers to an edge computing framework that mitigates the issue by applying the process of knowledge discovery using a data analysis approach to the edges. Thus, the FC approaches can work together with the internet of things (IoT) world, which can build a sustainable infrastructure for smart cities. In this paper, we propose a scheduling algorithm namely the weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling algorithm to execute the task from one fog node (FN) to another fog node to the cloud. Firstly, a fog simulator is used with the emergent concept of FC to design IoT infrastructure for smart cities. Then, spanning-tree routing (STP) protocol is used for data collection and routing. Further, 5G networks are proposed to establish fast transmission and communication between users. Finally, the performance of our proposed system is evaluated in terms of response time, latency, and amount of data used.

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Analysis of Internet of Things Based on Characteristics, Functionalities, and Challenges

International Journal of Hyperconnectivity and the Internet of Things ◽

10.4018/ijhiot.2021010103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 44-62

Author(s):

Ganesh Khekare ◽

Pushpneel Verma ◽

Urvashi Dhanre ◽

Seema Raut ◽

Ganesh Yenurkar

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Fog Computing ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Private Companies ◽

Internet Availability ◽

Near Future ◽

The Internet Of Things

The internet of things (IoT) is transpiring technology. In the last decade, demand of IoT has been increased due to various things like the use of smart devices; increased demand for voice-based services; the concept of smart cities has been evolved; more requirements of processed data in fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning; fog computing, deep learning, etc. IoT is expected to reach the milestone of 30 billion IoT units at the end of the year 2020. Internet of things is the network of statutory things like houses, private companies, automobiles, and various objects integrated with sensors, actuators, software, electronic equipment, and internet availability that provides the facility to devices to interchange their data. The main contribution of this article is to provide state of art about the characteristics, functionalities, and challenges of the internet of things and the journey of IoT right from start to how it will make an impact on people's quality of life throughout the world in the near future.

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Design a blockchain-based middleware layer in the Internet of Things Architecture

JOIV International Journal on Informatics Visualization ◽

10.30630/joiv.4.1.334 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tanweer Alam

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Fog Computing ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Generation Computing ◽

Critical Issues ◽

Iot Devices ◽

The Internet Of Things

In next-generation computing, the role of cloud, internet and smart devices will be capacious. Nowadays we all are familiar with the word smart. This word is used a number of times in our daily life. The Internet of Things (IoT) will produce remarkable different kinds of information from different resources. It can store big data in the cloud. The fog computing acts as an interface between cloud and IoT. The extension of fog in this framework works on physical things under IoT. The IoT devices are called fog nodes, they can have accessed anywhere within the range of the network. The blockchain is a novel approach to record the transactions in a sequence securely. Developing a new blockchains based middleware framework in the architecture of the Internet of Things is one of the critical issues of wireless networking where resolving such an issue would result in constant growth in the use and popularity of IoT. The proposed research creates a framework for providing the middleware framework in the internet of smart devices network for the internet of things using blockchains technology. Our main contribution links a new study that integrates blockchains to the Internet of things and provides communication security to the internet of smart devices.

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IoT-Fog A Communication Framework using Blockchain in the Internet of Things

10.36227/techrxiv.12657200.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tanweer Alam

Keyword(s):

Cloud Computing ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Fog Computing ◽

Emerging Technology ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Next Generation ◽

Communication Framework ◽

Generation Computing ◽

The Internet Of Things

<p>The fog computing is the emerging technology to compute, store, control and connecting smart devices with each other using cloud computing. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an architecture of uniquely identified interrelated physical things, these physical things are able to communicate with each other and can transmit and receive information. <a>This research presents a framework of the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Fog computing. The blockchain is also the emerging technology that provides a hyper, distributed, public, authentic ledger to record the transactions. Blockchains technology is a secured technology that can be a boon for the next generation computing. The combination of fog, blockchains, and IoT creates a new opportunity in this area. In this research, the author presents a middleware framework based on the blockchain, fog, and IoT. The framework is implemented and tested. The results are found positive. </a></p>

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ADLAuth: Passive Authentication Based on Activity of Daily Living Using Heterogeneous Sensing in Smart Cities

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19112466 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 2466 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maryam Naseer Malik ◽

Muhammad Awais Azam ◽

Muhammad Ehatisham-Ul-Haq ◽

Waleed Ejaz ◽

Asra Khalid

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

User Authentication ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Wearable Sensors ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Healthcare Applications ◽

The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things is a rapidly growing paradigm for smart cities that provides a way of communication, identification, and sensing capabilities among physically distributed devices. With the evolution of the Internet of Things (IoTs), user dependence on smart systems and services, such as smart appliances, smartphone, security, and healthcare applications, has been increased. This demands secure authentication mechanisms to preserve the users’ privacy when interacting with smart devices. This paper proposes a heterogeneous framework “ADLAuth” for passive and implicit authentication of the user using either a smartphone’s built-in sensor or wearable sensors by analyzing the physical activity patterns of the users. Multiclass machine learning algorithms are applied to users’ identity verification. Analyses are performed on three different datasets of heterogeneous sensors for a diverse number of activities. A series of experiments have been performed to test the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The results demonstrate the better performance of the proposed scheme compared to existing work for user authentication.

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A Survey on Blockchain and Internet of Things

10.31219/osf.io/gahnw ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tanweer Alam

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Secure Communication ◽

New Technology ◽

Fog Computing ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Daily Lives ◽

New Research ◽

The Internet Of Things

In the age of next-generation computer, the role of the cloud, the internet and smart devices will become stronger. These days we all know the word smart well. This word is often used in our daily lives. The Internet of Things (IoT) will generate a variety of information from a variety of resources. It can store big data in the cloud. Fog computing acts as a signal between cloud and IoT. Fog extensions in this framework apply to material under IoT. IoT devices are called Fog nodes, which can be accessed anywhere within the network range. A blockchain is a novel way of recording in a secure sequence. Creating a new framework in the development of Internet of Things is one of the critical problems of wireless communication where solving such a problem can lead to continued growth in the use and popularity of IoT. Proposed research creates a framework for providing a framework for middleware on the internet of smart devices network for the internet of things using blockchains technology. Our great offering connects new research that integrates blockchains into the Internet of Things and provides secure Internet connection for smart devices. Blockchain (BC) Internet of Things (IoT) is a new technology that works with low-level, distributed, public and real-time leaders to maintain transactions between IoT sites. A blockchain is a series of blocks, each block being linked to its previous blocks. All blocks have cryptographic hash code, previous block hash, and its data. Transactions in BC are the basic components used to transfer data between IoT nodes. IoT nodes are a variety of portable but smart devices with embedded sensors, actuators, systems and the ability to communicate with other IoT nodes. The role of BC in IoT is to provide a process for processing secure data records using IoT nodes. BC is a protected technology that can be used publicly and openly. IoT requires this type of technology to allow secure communication between IoT nodes in different environments. Events in BC can be tracked and monitored by anyone who is certified to communicate within IoT.

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Blockchain and Internet of Things: A Survey

10.36227/techrxiv.14573754.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tanweer Alam

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Secure Communication ◽

New Technology ◽

Fog Computing ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Daily Lives ◽

New Research ◽

The Internet Of Things

<p>In the age of next-generation computer, the role of the cloud, the internet and smart devices will become stronger. These days we all know the word smart well. This word is often used in our daily lives. The Internet of Things (IoT) will generate a variety of information from a variety of resources. It can store big data in the cloud. Fog computing acts as a signal between cloud and IoT. Fog extensions in this framework apply to material under IoT. IoT devices are called Fog nodes, which can be accessed anywhere within the network range. A blockchain is a novel way of recording in a secure sequence. Creating a new framework in the development of Internet of Things is one of the critical problems of wireless communication where solving such a problem can lead to continued growth in the use and popularity of IoT. Proposed research creates a framework for providing a framework for middleware on the internet of smart devices network for the internet of things using blockchains technology. Our great offering connects new research that integrates blockchains into the Internet of Things and provides secure Internet connection for smart devices. Blockchain (BC) Internet of Things (IoT) is a new technology that works with low-level, distributed, public and real-time leaders to maintain transactions between IoT sites. A blockchain is a series of blocks, each block being linked to its previous blocks. All blocks have cryptographic hash code, previous block hash, and its data. Transactions in BC are the basic components used to transfer data between IoT nodes. IoT nodes are a variety of portable but smart devices with embedded sensors, actuators, systems and the ability to communicate with other IoT nodes. The role of BC in IoT is to provide a process for processing secure data records using IoT nodes. BC is a protected technology that can be used publicly and openly. IoT requires this type of technology to allow secure communication between IoT nodes in different environments. Events in BC can be tracked and monitored by anyone who is certified to communicate within IoT.</p>

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A SERVICE IN DISTRIBUTED MULTI ACCESS EDGE COMPUTING ON 5G EXTRACTING DATA USING IOT AND INCLUDING AR/VR FOR REAL-TIME REPORTING

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY ◽

10.17762/itii.v9i1.220 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 912-931

Author(s):

Pavan Madduru

Keyword(s):

Cloud Computing ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Virtual Machines ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Assistive Technologies ◽

Edge Computing ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Iot Applications ◽

The Internet Of Things

To meet the growing demand for mobile data traffic and the stringent requirements for Internet of Things (IoT) applications in emerging cities such as smart cities, healthcare, augmented / virtual reality (AR / VR), fifth-generation assistive technologies generation (5G) Suggest and use on the web. As a major emerging 5G technology and a major driver of the Internet of Things, Multiple Access Edge Computing (MEC), which integrates telecommunications and IT services, provides cloud computing capabilities at the edge of an access network. wireless (RAN). By providing maximum compute and storage resources, MEC can reduce end-user latency. Therefore, in this article we will take a closer look at 5G MEC and the Internet of Things. Analyze the main functions of MEC in 5G and IoT environments. It offers several core technologies that enable the use of MEC in 5G and IoT, such as cloud computing, SDN / NFV, information-oriented networks, virtual machines (VMs) and containers, smart devices, shared networks and computing offload. This article also provides an overview of MEC's role in 5G and IoT, a detailed introduction to MEC-enabled 5G and IoT applications, and future perspectives for MEC integration with 5G and IoT. Additionally, this article will take a closer look at the MEC research challenges and unresolved issues around 5G and the Internet of Things. Finally, we propose a use case that MEC uses to obtain advanced intelligence in IoT scenarios.

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A review on the internet of things in civil engineering: enabling technologies, applications and challenges

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202130901209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 309 ◽

pp. 01209

Author(s):

Manisha Gunturi

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Civil Engineering ◽

New Technology ◽

Embedded Sensors ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Sensors And Actuators ◽

Sustainable Infrastructure ◽

The Status ◽

The Internet Of Things

The new technology and concepts of IoT is gaining a lot of interest in the recent years. This technology aims at improving the\ quality and productivity in various domains. The Internet of Things (IoT) is about the use of sensors and smart devices and to utilize data collected by these embedded sensors and actuators for automation. The technology has proven its significance in many domains and is successfully being used in the various fields of civil engineering. The application of the IoT is paving its way towards smart and sustainable infrastructure. This paper proposes to contemplate the status of usage of IoT in Civil Engineering, its issues and difficulties.

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Fog Computing Application Deployment and Management

The Rise of Fog Computing in the Digital Era - Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-6070-8.ch004 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 68-83

Author(s):

Ranjitha G. ◽

Pankaj Lathar ◽

G. M. Siddesh

Keyword(s):

Cloud Computing ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Fog Computing ◽

The Internet ◽

Access Points ◽

Computing Paradigm ◽

Application Deployment ◽

Iot Devices ◽

The Internet Of Things

Fog computing enhances cloud computing to be closer to the processes that act on IOT devices. Fogging was introduced to overcome the cloud computing paradigm which was not able to address some services, applications, and other limitations of cloud computing such as security aspects, bandwidth, and latency. Fog computing provides the direct correlation with the internet of things. IBM and CISCO are linking their concepts of internet of things with the help of fog computing. Application services are hosted on the network edge. It improves the efficiency and reduces the amount of data that is transferred to the cloud for analysis, storage, and processing. Developers write the fog application and deploy it to the access points. Several applications like smart cities, healthcare domain, pre-processing, and caching applications have to be deployed and managed properly.

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‘Nested’ Disruptive Technologies for Smart Cities: Effects and Challenges

International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management ◽

10.1142/s0219877020300037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (05) ◽

pp. 2030003

Author(s):

Balasubramaniam Krishnan ◽

Seetharaman Arumugam ◽

Koilakuntla Maddulety

Keyword(s):

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Smart Cities ◽

The Internet ◽

General Intelligence ◽

5G Networks ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Disruptive Technologies ◽

Considerable Research ◽

Scant Attention ◽

The Internet Of Things

There has been considerable research on smart cities and on adapting technology for businesses, governments, citizens and other stakeholders. However, scant attention has been paid to determine how disruptive technologies influence smart cities. Through a systemic literature review, this paper provides a point-by-point consideration of ‘nested’ disruptive technologies, namely, the Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous vehicles (AV), artificial general intelligence (AGI) and 5G networks (5G), and the factors affecting their deployment in the context of smart cities. This paper also discusses why these are important disruptive technologies for smart cities and how these technologies influence them. The main challenges of implementing these disruptive technologies have been identified in the literature and are discussed in this paper. This paper also offers suggestions on the implementation of these disruptive technologies for practitioners of smart cities, so that they can consider them while digitalizing smart cities. In addition to discussing research implications, the paper also throws light on theoretical contributions and recommends ways to leverage these disruptive technologies for smart cities.

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