Heterogeneous modelling framework for 5G urban macro ultra dense networks

The explosive growth of mobile devices is the main engine to continue evolution in the communications field. The amount of traffic generated by today’s users in applications such as high definition videos, cloud computing, and wearable devices, require a drastic change in mobile telecommunications. 5G Ultra Dense Network (UDN) is one of the key components leading in achieving the high capacity for all users. In UDN, the number of base stations or access nodes equals or exceeds the number of active users by unit area. In this paper, different modeling techniques of UDN are studied. Moreover, a heterogeneous framework modeling was proposed. This framework illustrated a system model for UDN based on Urban Macro (UMa) Scenario. The distance dependent path loss model for UMa was presented and analyzed. The Simulation results of path loss model indicated an increase in the path loss with increasing the distance range from 10m to 500m. The received power simulation results of User Terminal (UT) displayed the power is approaching zero when the distance between the BS and UT goes beyond 250m. Therefore, it is assumed that UTs located 250m away from the BS can reuse the subchannel of AN in another sector with negligible interference.

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Determination of an Outdoor Path Loss Model and Signal Penetration Level in Some Selected Modern Residential and Office Apartments in Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria

Journal of Engineering Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/jerr/2018/v1i29804 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-25

Author(s):

V. O. A. Akpaida ◽

F. I. Anyasi ◽

S. I. Uzairue ◽

A. I. Idim

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Path Loss ◽

Signal Strength ◽

Base Stations ◽

Propagation Path ◽

Loss Model ◽

Path Loss Model ◽

Path Loss Exponent ◽

Received Power

This article involves the site specific determination of an outdoor path loss model and Signal penetration level in some selected modern residential and office apartments in Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Measurements of signal strength and its associated location parameters referenced globally were carried out. Propagation path loss characteristics of Ogbomosho were investigated using three different locations with distinctively different yet modern building materials. Consequently, received signal strength (RSS) was measured at a distance d in meters, from appropriate base stations for various environments investigated. The data were analyzed to determine the propagation path loss exponent, signal penetration level and path loss characteristics. From calculations, the average building penetration losses were, 5.93dBm, 6.40dBm and 6.1dBm outside the hollow blocks B1, solid blocks B2 and hollow blocks mixed with pre cast asbestos B3, buildings respectively with a corresponding path loss exponent values of, 3.77, 3.80 and 3.63. Models were developed and validated, and used to predict the received power inside specific buildings. Moreover, the propagation models developed for the different building types can be used to predict the respective signal level within the building types, once the transmitter – receiver distance is known. The readings obtained from the developed models were compared with both the measured values and values computed using some existing models with satisfactory results obtained.

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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 5G PATH LOSS MODELS FOR RURAL MACROCELL ENVIRONMENT

IIUM Engineering Journal ◽

10.31436/iiumej.v21i1.1247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 85-99

Author(s):

Muhammad Akramuddin Mohd Nordin ◽

Huda Adibah Mohd Ramli

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Path Loss ◽

Base Stations ◽

5G Networks ◽

Loss Model ◽

Path Loss Model ◽

Reference Distance ◽

Alpha Beta ◽

Loss Models

5G networks are expected to use the Millimeter Wave (mmWave) frequency band and this frequency provides wider bandwidth allowing a better quality of service to be offered to the users. However, the mmWave frequencies may lead to a higher path loss due to several factors including blockages,rain and atmosphere. Therefore, to allow optimal positioning of the 5G base stations, the study of path loss model in this 5G mmWave frequencies is crucial. This paper investigates the 5G path loss models as well as their parameters that are most suitable for cross-polarized antennas under rural macrocell environment in Malaysia. Path loss models namely Close In Free Space Reference Distance Path Loss Model (CI) model, and Alpha Beta Gamma (ABG) or Floating Intercept (FI) Model along with their parameters achieved from the previous studies were evaluated by comparing the parameters and models that are closest to the sampled path loss when using antennas that have different patterns and polarizations in an open-source simulator. Results obtained indicate that FI model can be adapted to the majority of the environment where this model showed the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The study of path loss models by using advanced simulator or field measurement, and studies on other rural areas from other states in Malaysia will be considered in future works.

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New Empirical Path Loss Model for 28 GHz and 38 GHz Millimeter Wave in Indoor Urban under Various Conditions

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8112122 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 2122 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zyad Nossire ◽

Navarun Gupta ◽

Laiali Almazaydeh ◽

Xingguo Xiong

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Building Materials ◽

Rapid Development ◽

High Capacity ◽

Path Loss ◽

Window Size ◽

Loss Model ◽

Path Loss Model ◽

Wireless Signal ◽

Loss Prediction

Due to rapid development in mobile communication technology in recent years, the demand for high quality and high capacity networks with thorough coverage has become a major necessity. Several models have been developed for predicting wireless signal coverage in urban areas, but these models suffer from inadequately calculating certain conditions, such as weather and building materials, especially window size. In this paper, we propose a new path loss prediction model based on the measurement of new indicators, such as window size, temperature, and humidity conditions, after which an extensive statistical analysis using a linear regression technique was implemented in order to validate the new indicators. As the new indicators were incorporated into the Okumura model to derive a new path loss model, the results showed that the proposed model provides an accurate prediction of the received signal strength in a given propagation environment. Our model enhanced the prediction of path loss by 10% when compared to the Okumura and by 15% when compared to the COST-Hata.

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Path Loss Model in Crowded Outdoor Environments Considering Multiple Human Body Shadowing of Multipath at 4.7GHz and 26.4GHz

IEICE Transactions on Communications ◽

10.1587/transcom.2018ebp3282 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol E102.B (8) ◽

pp. 1676-1688 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mitsuki NAKAMURA ◽

Motoharu SASAKI ◽

Wataru YAMADA ◽

Naoki KITA ◽

Takeshi ONIZAWA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Path Loss ◽

Loss Model ◽

Path Loss Model ◽

Outdoor Environments

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A new path loss model based on the volumetric occupancy rate for the pine forests at 5G frequency band

International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies ◽

10.1017/s175907872000152x ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Abdullah Genc

Keyword(s):

Path Loss ◽

Forest Area ◽

Occupancy Rate ◽

Loss Model ◽

Path Loss Model ◽

Model Based ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Foliage Density ◽

Reference Measurements

Abstract In this paper, a new empirical path loss model based on frequency, distance, and volumetric occupancy rate is generated at the 3.5 and 4.2 GHz in the scope of 5G frequency bands. This study aims to determine the effect of the volumetric occupancy rate on path loss depending on the foliage density of the trees in the pine forest area. Using 4.2 GHz and the effect of the volumetric occupancy rate contributes to the literature in terms of novelty. Both the reference measurements to generate a model and verification measurements to verify the proposed models are conducted in three different regions of the forest area with double ridged horn antennas. These regions of the artificial forest area consist of regularly sorted and identical pine trees. Root mean square error (RMSE) and R-squared values are calculated to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. For 3.5 and 4.2 GHz, while the RMSEs are 3.983 and 3.883, the values of R-squared are 0.967 and 0.963, respectively. Additionally, the results are compared with four path loss models which are commonly used in the forest area. The proposed one has the best performance among the other models with values 3.98 and 3.88 dB for 3.5 and 4.2 GHz.

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