scholarly journals A comparison of the effectiveness of methods of deterring pteropodid bats from feeding on commercial fruit in Madagascar

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (13) ◽  
pp. 9512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatamo E.A. Raharimihaja ◽  
Jo L.M. Rakotoarison ◽  
Paul A. Racey ◽  
Radosoa A. Andrianaivoarivelo
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
East Central ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Flight Cage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Southeastern Madagascar

We compared the effectiveness of methods of deterring Pteropus rufus from feeding on commercial fruit in east central and southeastern Madagascar in 2012–2013 during the Litchi chinensis harvest. Two of the three methods used, installing plastic flags and ringing bells in the trees, were derived from those used by litchi growers in the southeast.  We improved and standardized these methods and compared their effectiveness with an organic product made from dried blood and vegetable oil (Plantskydd®) with a taste and odour aimed at deterring mammal feeding.  The bats damaged from 440–7,040 g of litchi fruits per tree and two of the three methods reduced the fruit lost to bats: the plastic flags and the organic deterrent.  There were significant differences in the damage levels between the study sites and between our three methods of deterrence.  The plastic flags and bell ringing methods were significantly less effective in reducing the fruit bat damage compared to the taste deterrent.  The latter was most effective when it had enough time to dry and adhere to the fruits after spraying and before rain.  Its effectiveness was further demonstrated in flight cage experiments during which Rousettus madagascariensis avoided litchis treated with Plantskydd®.  Analysis of bat faecal samples revealed no feeding preference but the collected samples contained large numbers of Ficus seeds, suggesting that the bats feed extensively on Ficus fruits rather than on fruit of economic importance.  Apart from fruit ripeness, tree productivity or other phenological factors did not affect the amount of fruit eaten by the bats.   More fruits were damaged by birds than bats at both study sites. 

An Interesting Attractant for Priacma serrata (Lee), (Cupesidae: Coleoptera)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
Rotting Wood ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Trinity

On the warm morning of May 27, 1956 at the Trinity Valley field station near Lumby, B.C., some laundry hanging out to dry attracted large numbers of a strange Cerambycid-like beetle. Closer examination showed this insect to be Priacma serrata (Lec.) of the family Cupesidae (Fig. 1), an interesting and infrequently collected species.The family Cupesidae seems to have no economic importance, having only two genera and five species in North America that have been described (Blatchley, 1910). The larvae are reported to live in rotten wood; dissection of some adults collected at this time produced an entirely empty and deflated gut. The females and larvae of the closely related Micromalthus debilis Lec. are found in rotting wood in North America and were reported from decaying mine timbers far under ground in Johannesburg.

scholarly journals Paramyxo- and Coronaviruses in Rwandan Bats

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Markotter ◽  
Marike Geldenhuys ◽  
Petrus Jansen van Vuren ◽  
Alan Kemp ◽  
Marinda Mortlock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Related Sequence ◽  
Genetic Database ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Horseshoe Bats

A high diversity of corona- and paramyxoviruses have been detected in different bat species at study sites worldwide, including Africa, however no biosurveillance studies from Rwanda have been reported. In this study, samples from bats collected from caves in Ruhengeri, Rwanda, were tested for the presence of corona- and paramyxoviral RNA using reverse transcription PCR assays. Positive results were further characterized by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In addition to morphological identification of bat species, we also did molecular confirmation of species identities, contributing to the known genetic database available for African bat species. We detected a novel Betacoronavirus in two Geoffroy’s horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus clivosus) bats. We also detected several different paramyxoviral species from various insectivorous bats. One of these viral species was found to be homologous to the genomes of viruses belonging to the Jeilongvirus genus. Additionally, a Henipavirus-related sequence was detected in an Egyptian rousette fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). These results expand on the known diversity of corona- and paramyxoviruses and their geographical distribution in Africa.

Estimation of population density of Eidolon helvum on the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea / Estimation de densité de population de Eidolon helvum sur l'île de Príncipe, Golfe de Guinée

Mammalia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dallimer ◽  
Tony King ◽  
David Cope ◽  
Manuel Borge Jiana
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Gulf Of Guinea ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eidolon Helvum

AbstractEidolon helvum is a widespread African fruit bat. It is migratory and can form colonies of millions of individuals. On Príncipe, in the Gulf of Guinea, there are seemingly large numbers of E. helvum . Here, they have lost their migratory behaviour and rely on the availability of the year-round food resources on the island, which is small (128 km

Abundance and Relative Importance of Caterpillars Attacking Cabbage in Eastern Ontario

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Harcourt ◽  
R. H. Backs ◽  
L. M. Cass
Keyword(s):  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Ontario

Cabbage and related crops are attacked every year throughout Ontario by caterpillars of three species, namely, the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.). The imported cabbageworm is generally regarded as the most abundant of the three species and is reported as doing damage of considerable economic importance each year. The cabbage looper does not occur in large numbers until late in the season, but in most years it is believed to be second only in importance to the imported cabbageworm. The diamondback moth is generally considered to be much less important than the other two species (Caesar, 19i8). As previously reported (Matthewman et al., 1952), these beliefs were not borne our by observations of field populations at Ottawa in 1950. Whereas populations of the cabbage looper were strikingly low, those of the diamondback moth were much higher than the literature indicated. This paper is a summary of four seasons' experiments, 1951-1954, undertaken to assess the abundance and relative importance of the three species in eastern Ontario.

scholarly journals Novel strains of Klebsiella africana and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Australian Fruit Bats (Pteropus poliocephalus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona K McDougall ◽  
Kelly L Wyres ◽  
Louise M Judd ◽  
Wayne S J Boardman ◽  
Kathryn E Holt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Pteropus Poliocephalus ◽  
Sequence Types

Over the past decade human associated multidrug resistant (MDR) and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae lineages have been increasingly detected in wildlife. This study investigated the occurrence of K. pneumoniae species complex (KpSC) in grey-headed flying foxes (GHFF), an Australian fruit bat. Thirty-nine KpSC isolates were cultured from 275 GHFF faecal samples (14.2%), comprising K. pneumoniae (sensu stricto) (n=30), Klebsiella africana (n=8) and Klebsiella variicola subsp. variicola (n=1). The majority (79.5%) of isolates belonged to novel sequence types (ST), including two novel K. africana STs. This is the first report of K. africana outside of Africa and in a non-human host. A minority (15.4%) of GHFF KpSC isolates shared STs with human clinical K. pneumoniae strains, of which, none belonged to MDR clonal lineages that cause frequent nosocomial outbreaks, and no isolates were characterised as hypervirulent. The occurrence of KpSC isolates carrying acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in GHFF was low (1.1%), with three K. pneumoniae isolates harbouring both fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim resistance genes. This study indicates that GHFF are not reservoirs for MDR and hypervirulent KpSC strains, but they do carry novel K. africana lineages. The health risks associated with KpSC carriage by GHFF are deemed low for the public and GHFF.

Estimation of population density of Eidolon helvum on the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea / Estimation de densité de population de Eidolon helvum sur l'île de Príncipe, Golfe de Guinée

Mammalia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dallimer ◽  
Tony King ◽  
David Cope ◽  
Manuel Borge Jiana
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Gulf Of Guinea ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eidolon Helvum

AbstractEidolon helvum is a widespread African fruit bat. It is migratory and can form colonies of millions of individuals. On Príncipe, in the Gulf of Guinea, there are seemingly large numbers of E. helvum . Here, they have lost their migratory behaviour and rely on the availability of the year-round food resources on the island, which is small (128 km

scholarly journals Novel Clinical Trial Designs to Improve the Efficiency of Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Sessler ◽  
Paul S. Myles
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Adaptive Designs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Clinical Trial Designs ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Trial Efficiency

Abstract SUMMARY Large randomized trials provide the highest level of clinical evidence. However, enrolling large numbers of randomized patients across numerous study sites is expensive and often takes years. There will never be enough conventional clinical trials to address the important questions in medicine. Efficient alternatives to conventional randomized trials that preserve protections against bias and confounding are thus of considerable interest. A common feature of novel trial designs is that they are pragmatic and facilitate enrollment of large numbers of patients at modest cost. This article presents trial designs including cluster designs, real-time automated enrollment, and practitioner-preference approaches. Then various adaptive designs that improve trial efficiency are presented. And finally, the article discusses the advantages of embedding randomized trials within registries.

Life-History and Behaviour of Trogoderma parabile Beal (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Loschiavo
Keyword(s):  
Personal Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Science Service ◽  
Service Building ◽  
Eurasian Species

Trogoderma parabile, a Nearctic species, was first described by Beal in 1954. In 1956 he reported it as a fairly common pest of granaries in California. In 1957, E. A. R. Liscombe (personal communication) recovered all stages of T. parabile in large numbers from flour mills and feed warehouses in Southern Alberta. In 1958, Brooks reported it from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, where it occurred in several feed mills and was found infesting grain samples stored in small envelopes in the Science Service building. These reports are the first records of T. parabile in Canada. A closely-related Eurasian species, Trogoderma granarium Everts, is a serious pest of stored cereal products in hot dry parts of the world and is well-established in some parts of the United States and the United Kingdom but is not found in Canada. T. parabile, however, can adapt itself to colder conditions and may become a pest of economic importance in some parts of Canada.

Effects of forest fragmentation on frugivorous and nectarivorous bats in French Guiana

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Cosson ◽  
Jean-Marc Pons ◽  
Didier Masson
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fragmentation ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Genetic Structures ◽  
And Control

The effects of tropical forest fragmentation on frugivorous and nectarivorous bats were studied on recent islands created by the flooding of a dam in French Guiana. Study sites include forest islands isolated by water, and control plots in nearby continuous forest. Studies began 1y before the onset of forest fragmentation and encompassed the first 3y after flooding. Forest fragmentation greatly modified the diversity and abundance of bats. Changes occurred more rapidly in the smallest fragments than in the largest one, and trends were remarkably similar among all the studied islands. Bat captures in islands were characterised by the scarcity of understorey frugivores. Differences in home range size and foraging strategies may explain why understorey fruit bat species are more sensitive to fragmentation than canopy ones. Changes in the frugivorous bat community may have indirect consequences on both the demographic and the genetic structures of plant populations inside forest fragments.

scholarly journals Two Bats in the Seychelles

Oryx ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Racey
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Extensive Search ◽  
Large Numbers

Counts of the two endemic bats in the Seychelles in 1977 suggested that the fruit bat Pteropus seychellensis occurred in large numbers on Praslin and La Digue. But the author suggests that the number taken for food, especially for the tourist restaurants on Mahé, is excessive and should be curbed; tree-felling in suitable roosting areas should also be discouraged. The other bat, the small insectivorous Coleura seychellensis, is clearly endangered — only six were found despite an extensive search — and complete protection is called for.

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