Abstract MP54: Retail Soda Purchases Decrease And Water Purchases Increase After Six Years Of A Healthy Beverage Campaign

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene B Schwartz ◽  
Glenn E Schneider ◽  
Ran Xu ◽  
Yoon-Young Choi ◽  
Abiodun Atoloye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matched Control ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Sugary Drinks ◽  
Sports Drinks ◽  
Diet Soda ◽  
Package Size ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Carbonated Water ◽  
Sugary Drink ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Sugary drink consumption is a major risk factor for excess weight gain. In 2013, Howard County, MD launched a multi-component campaign to decrease sugary drink consumption. A previously published difference-in-differences (DID) analysis of supermarket retail beverage sales from 2012 (baseline) to 2015 documented a significant decrease in regular soda and fruit drinks sales in intervention stores compared to matched control stores. The present study extends this evaluation through 2018. Hypothesis: Sugary drink sales will continue to decrease and sales of non-sugary drinks will increase through 2018. Methods: Prior to the intervention, a retail sales tracking company identified a sample of supermarkets (N=15) in Howard County (Intervention stores) and assessed 52-weeks of top brand sales for each beverage category. These data were used to identify a set of matched Control stores (N=17) in an adjacent state. DID analyses were used to compare the weekly volume sales of each product (brand and package size) within each beverage category in the Intervention and Control stores from baseline (2012) to Year 6 (2018). Models were adjusted for relevant variables, including average price/ounce; average competitor price/ounce; and weekly local temperature. Results: DID analyses identified a significantly larger net decrease in average weekly volume sales of regular soda, fruit drinks, and 100% juice in the Intervention stores compared to the Control stores over six years (p < .001). See Figure for regular soda sales. After 2015, intervention stores also exhibited significant increases in sales of plain bottled water (p < .0001) and carbonated water (p < .001). In contrast, sports drinks, diet soda, and flavored waters did not consistently differ between conditions. Conclusion: A locally implemented, multi-component campaign reduced regular soda and fruit drink sales over six years. Additional efforts to reduce sales of sports drinks are warranted.

scholarly journals Parents’ beliefs about the healthfulness of sugary drink options: opportunities to address misperceptions

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina R Munsell ◽  
Jennifer L Harris ◽  
Vishnudas Sarda ◽  
Marlene B Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Market Research ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sugary Drinks ◽  
Sports Drinks ◽  
Perceived Importance ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
Sugary Drink

AbstractObjectiveTo assess potential misperceptions among parents regarding the healthfulness of sugary drinks for their children.DesignOnline survey of parents. Participants identified the categories and specific brands of sugary drinks they provided for their children. They also indicated their perceptions of sugary drink categories and brands as healthy options for children, perceived importance of on-package claims in purchase decisions and their concerns about common sugary drink ingredients.SettingOnline market research panel.SubjectsParents (n 982) of 2- to 17-year-olds, 46 % non-white or Hispanic.ResultsNinety-six per cent of parents provided on average 2·9 different categories of sugary drinks for their children in the past month. Flavoured waters, fruit drinks and sports drinks were rated as the healthiest sugary drink categories. Across all categories and brands, parents who purchased specific products rated them as significantly healthier than those who did not (P<0·05). Over half of parents reported concern about caffeine, sugar and artificial sweeteners in sugary drinks that their children consume and approximately one-third reported that on-package ingredient claims were important in their purchase decisions.ConclusionsNearly all parents provide sugary drinks for their children and many believe that some sugary drinks are healthy options for children, particularly flavoured waters, fruit drinks and sports drinks. Furthermore, many parents rely upon on-package claims in their purchase decisions. Given excessive consumption of added sugar by children in the home, there is a continuing need to address parents’ misperceptions about the healthfulness of many sugary drink products.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Floods on Housing Price Using a Spatial Matching Difference-In-Differences (SM-DID) Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Jean Dubé ◽  
Maha AbdelHalim ◽  
Nicolas Devaux
Keyword(s):  
Housing Price ◽  
Hedonic Pricing ◽  
Environmental Amenities ◽  
Sale Price ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Hedonic Pricing Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Many applications have relied on the hedonic pricing model (HPM) to measure the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for urban externalities and natural disasters. The classic HPM regresses housing price on a complete list of attributes/characteristics that include spatial or environmental amenities (or disamenities), such as floods, to retrieve the gradients of the market (marginal) WTP for such externalities. The aim of this paper is to propose an innovative methodological framework that extends the causal relations based on a spatial matching difference-in-differences (SM-DID) estimator, and which attempts to calculate the difference between sale price for similar goods within “treated” and “control” groups. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed spatial matching method, the researchers present an empirical investigation based on the case of a flood event recorded in the city of Laval (Québec, Canada) in 1998, using information on transactions occurring between 1995 and 2001. The research results show that the impact of flooding brings a negative premium on the housing price of about 20,000$ Canadian (CAN).

Acute diet soda consumption alters brain responses to food cues in humans: A randomized, controlled, cross-over pilot study

2021 ◽  
pp. 026010602199375
Author(s):  
Olivia M. Farr
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Diet Soda ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Carbonated Water ◽  
Soda Consumption ◽  
Visual Food Cues

Background: Diet soda consumption has frequently been linked to obesity and its comorbidities in epidemiological studies. Whether this link is causal and a potential mechanism remains to be determined. Aim/Methods: This randomized, cross-over, controlled pilot study sought to determine whether there may be changes in reward-related brain activations to visual food cues after acute consumption of diet soda versus regular soda or carbonated water using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Diet soda as compared to carbonated water consumption increased activation of reward-related caudate to highly versus less desirable food cues. Diet soda as compared to regular soda increased reward-related insula and decreased activation of cognitive control-related dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to food cues versus non-food cues. No changes in ratings of hunger an hour after beverage consumption were observed. Conclusions: These results may suggest a potential mechanism for diet soda to increase food palatability through activation of the reward system and suppression of inhibitory control that remains to be confirmed by future studies.

scholarly journals Impact of Medicare’s Bundled Payments Initiative on Patient Selection, Payments, and Outcomes for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian McNeely ◽  
E. John Orav ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Karen E. Joynt Maddox
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Patient Selection ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Emergency Department Use ◽  
Bundled Payments ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
And Control

Background: The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation launched the Bundled Payments for Care Initiative (BPCI) in 2013. Its effect on payments and outcomes for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is unknown. Methods and Results: We used Medicare inpatient files to identify index admissions for PCI and CABG from 2013 through 2016 at BPCI hospitals and matched control hospitals and difference in differences models to compare the 2 groups. Our primary outcome was the change in standardized Medicare-allowed payments per 90-day episode. Secondary outcomes included changes in patient selection, discharge to postacute care, length of stay, emergency department use, readmissions, and mortality. Forty-two hospitals joined BPCI for PCI and 46 for CABG. There were no differential changes in patient selection between BPCI and control hospitals. Baseline Medicare payments per episode for PCI were $20 164 at BPCI hospitals and $19 955 at control hospitals. For PCI, payments increased at both BPCI and control hospitals during the intervention period, such that there was no significant difference in differences (BPCI hospitals +$673, P =0.048; control hospitals +$551, P =0.022; difference in differences $122, P =0.768). For CABG, payments at both BPCI and control hospitals decreased during the intervention period (BPCI baseline, $36 925, change −$2918, P <0.001; control baseline, $36 877, change −$2618, P <0.001; difference in differences, $300; P =0.730). For both PCI and CABG, BPCI participation was not associated with changes in mortality, readmissions, or length of stay. Among BPCI hospitals, emergency department use differentially increased for patients undergoing PCI and decreased for patients undergoing CABG. Conclusions: Participation in episode-based payment for PCI and CABG was not associated with changes in patient selection, payments, length of stay, or clinical outcomes.

Effect of Ultrasound on the Fetus

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 228-253
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Fetus ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Childhood Malignancy ◽  
Ultrasonic Examination ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Dna Alterations ◽  
And Control

The question of adverse effects of ultrasonic examination upon the human fetus continues to be explored. The impetus for these investigations comes from animal or in vitro cellular studies showing a reduction of weight and size and DNA alterations in mice litters exposed to ultrasound. Human studies to date have failed to reveal any comparable results. These two articles explore whether there is a positive correlation between fetal ultrasonic examination and/or monitoring and subsequent development of childhood malignancy. The first study reports comparison of histories from 1,731 children who died of cancer in the United Kingdom between 1972 and 1981 with age-matched control children for exposure. Six percent of both case and control children had had ultrasonic exposure.

scholarly journals Automatic Promotion and Student Dropout: Evidence from Uganda, Using Propensity Score in Difference in Differences Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeje Moses Okurut
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Student Dropout ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Analysis Strategy ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The impact of automatic promotion practice on students dropping out of Uganda’s primary education was assessed using propensity score in difference in differences analysis technique. The analysis strategy was instrumental in addressing the selection bias problem, as well as biases arising from common trends over time, and permanent latent differences between the treated and control groups. Probit regression results indicate a negative effect on the probability of students dropping out, but only at P3. There seems to be no policy effect at P6. Decomposing the effect incidence along school location shows the policy as having had an effect only on P3 students studying in urban schools; otherwise, there is no effect among students at P3 rural, P6 rural or P6 Urban. In terms of the gender component, automatic promotion appears to have had an effect on P3 male and female students and no effect on either sex at P6.

scholarly journals Safety of transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation of the neck in terms of vital parameters in dysphagia rehabilitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinsuke Nagami ◽  
Keisuke Maeda ◽  
Shinya Fukunaga ◽  
Masahiro Ikeno ◽  
Yoshitaka Oku
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Aspiration Pneumonia ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Administration ◽  
Swallowing Rehabilitation ◽  
Dysphagia Rehabilitation ◽  
And Control

Abstract Transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation (TESS) devices are approved for use in Japan, but their safety when used through the neck skin for dysphagia rehabilitation has not been reported. This study aimed to verify the safety of TESS use through the neck skin. Twenty patients (mean age 86.5 ± 5.1 years) with aspiration pneumonia undergoing dysphagia rehabilitation were included in this retrospective observational and matched control study. We compared vital signs in 10 subjects who underwent swallowing rehabilitation with the TESS device, and matched control patients over 7 days. The results were the following: tachycardia, 0.60 ± 1.07 vs. 0.70 ± 0.67 days; high blood pressure, 0.40 ± 0.70 vs. 0.50 ± 1.08 days; low blood pressure, 0.40 ± 0.70 vs. 0.10 ± 0.32 days; low oxygen saturation, 0.60 ± 1.58 vs. 0.50 ± 1.08 days, p = 0.870; oxygen administration, 0.80 ± 2.20 vs. 1.20 ± 2.15 days; tachypnea, 0.50 ± 0.71 vs. 0.50 ± 0.53 days; elevated body temperature, 2.00 ± 1.41 vs. 1.60 ± 1.96 days. There were no significant differences in clinical stability between the TESS and control groups of patients with aspiration pneumonia. TESS through the neck appears safe as an intervention in dysphagia rehabilitation.

A Plasma Factor Which Stimulates Prostacyclin Formation Is Increased In Diabetes

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Johnson ◽  
A H Reece ◽  
H E Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Matched Control ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Control Tissue ◽  
Plasma Factor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plasma Factors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Free Plasma ◽  
Krebs Buffer ◽  
Stimulation Of

Vascular prostacyclin (PGI2) generation is decreased in diabetes in experimental animals and in man. In this study, we have investigated the possibility that levels of a plasma factor (s) modifying PGI2 production are abnormal in diabetes. Aortic rings from diabetic or age-matched control rats were washed in Krebs buffer to reduce endogenous PGI2 formation. Addition of rat or human cell-free plasma stimulated PGI2 release by the “exhausted” vascular rings, and this activity was still present after freezing and thawing. The stimulation of PGI2 synthesis by control tissue was significantly greater (p<0.001) with plasma from diabetic animals (0.25±0.04ng/mg) than from controls (0.05±0.02ng/mg). Similarly, plasma from diabetic volunteers showed increased (p<0.05) PGI2-stimulatory activity. Diabetic tissue was less responsive than control tissue to stimulation by diabetic plasma, and the difference between diabetic and control plasmas was not apparent. This suggests that the abnormal vascular PGI2 synthesis in diabetes may be due to a defect in the vessel wall and not to lack of stimulatory plasma factors.

scholarly journals Root Dimensions in Patients with Mild Hypodontia and a Control Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 574-580
Author(s):  
Khaled Khalaf ◽  
Zahra Seraj ◽  
Hesham Hussein ◽  
Mahmoud Mando
Keyword(s):  
Matched Control ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Dental Hospital ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to compare root dimensions (length and mesiodistal widths) between subjects with mild hypodontia and an age- and sex-matched control group. Materials and Methods Root dimension measurements of all permanent teeth excluding third molars were made on standardly taken orthopantomograms of 50 individuals (25 hypodontia and 25 controls) attending the University of Sharjah Dental Hospital. The length and two mesiodistal widths were measured for each fully formed root. The length of the root was measured digitally by drawing a line from the midpoint and bisecting the mesiodistal cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) of the tooth and extended to its apex. The mesiodistal widths of each root were measured at the cervical region and at half way of and perpendicular to the length of the root. Statistical Analysis Two sample t-tests were used to compare root dimension measurements between the hypodontia and control groups. Results There were no significant differences between genders with regard to root length or widths measurements, and therefore genders were combined for further analysis. Patients with hypodontia have significantly shorter root lengths than controls for the upper central incisors, upper canines, first premolars, and lower first molars (p < 0.05). Similarly, root width at the midpoint of the root was found to be less in hypodontia group than that in controls for the upper central incisors, lower first premolars, upper first molars, and all second premolars (p < 0.05). Similar pattern of differences was found with regard to the root width at the cervical region (p < 0.05). Conclusions Patients with hypodontia have shorter and narrower roots of the whole permanent dentition except the upper lateral incisors, lower incisors, lower canines, and all second molars when compared with controls. In effect, this may affect the orthodontic treatment planning and implant placement.

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