Calcium Modification Techniques in Complex Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Shah ◽  
Osman Najam ◽  
Ravinay Bhindi ◽  
Kalpa De Silva
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Stent Restenosis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wall Stiffness ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Procedural Success ◽  
Calcium Modification

Percutaneous coronary intervention is the most common mode of revascularization and is increasingly undertaken in high-risk subsets, including the elderly. The presence of coronary artery calcification is increasingly observed and significantly limits technical success. The mechanisms for this are multi-factorial, including increased arterial wall stiffness and impaired delivery of devices, leading to suboptimal stent delivery, deployment, and expansion which are harbingers for increased risk of in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis. Although conventional balloon pretreatment techniques aim to mitigate this risk by modifying the lesion before stent placement, many lesions remain resistant to conventional strategies, due to the severity of calcification. There have been several substantial technological advancements in calcium modification methods in recent years, which have allowed improved procedural success with low periprocedural complication rates. This review will summarize the current adjunctive modification technologies that can be employed to improve technical outcomes in percutaneous coronary intervention in calcific disease and the evidence supporting these tools.

scholarly journals Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Monotherapy in Elderly Patients With Myocardial Infarction

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Wester ◽  
Rubina Attar ◽  
Moman A. Mohammad ◽  
Nazim Isma ◽  
Stefan James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Major Bleeding ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
End Point ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary

Background: Elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention are at increased risk of both ischemic and bleeding complications. The optimal anticoagulation strategy in these patients is uncertain. Therefore, we compared bivalirudin to heparin monotherapy in a contemporary cohort of such patients. Methods: A prespecified subgroup analysis of elderly patients with myocardial infarction (≥75 years) from the VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial (Bivalirudin Versus Heparin in ST-Segment and Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients on Modern Antiplatelet Therapy in the Swedish Web System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence-Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies Registry Trial) was performed. In the trial, patients were randomized to either bivalirudin or heparin monotherapy during percutaneous coronary intervention, with mandatory potent P2Y12 inhibition, routine radial artery access, and only bail-out glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition. Kaplan-Meier event rates were assessed for the primary end point, consisting of a composite of all-cause death, myocardial reinfarction, or major bleeding, within 180 days. Results: The elderly (n=1592) had more than twice the risk of all events compared with younger patients (n=4406). Baseline and periprocedural characteristics were equal between bivalirudin (n=799) and heparin (n=793) treated patients ≥75 years. No differences were found in the elderly between bivalirudin and heparin monotherapy regarding the primary end point (180-day all-cause death, myocardial reinfarction, or major bleeding), the individual components of the primary end point, definite stent thrombosis, or stroke. Conclusions: In this prespecified subgroup analysis of the VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial, elderly patients with myocardial infarction had a highly increased risk of all events. However, no difference in outcomes could be observed with an anticoagulation strategy with either bivalirudin or heparin as monotherapy in this patient group.

scholarly journals New Aspects in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Chronic Total Occlusions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Karácsonyi
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Intravascular Imaging ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Technical Failure ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Chronic Total Occlusions ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Procedural Success ◽  
The Impact

Coronary Chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are defined as coronary lesions with Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 0 flow of at least 3-month duration. Symptomatic patients with CTOs can be managed in three ways, conservatively with medical therapy, with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). CTO PCI can be challenging to perform with variable success rates, depending on operator experience and expertise, but with the development of new techniques and equipment the success rates are getting higher and the complication rates lower. In this dissertation, we focused on three aspects of CTO PCI: (a) the impact of prior failure on the outcomes of CTO PCI, (b) balloon uncrossable lesions and (c) the frequency of use and outcomes of intravascular imaging. We examined the prevalence, clinical and angiographic characteristics, management and procedural outcomes of CTO PCIs in a contemporary, large, multicenter CTO PCI registry. Prior CTO PCI failure has been associated with lower procedural success rates and is part of the Japanese Chronic Total Occlusion (J-CTO) score that was developed to predict the likelihood of successful guidewire crossing within 30 minutes. We sought to examine the impact of prior failure on the subsequent outcomes CTO PCI. The main finding of our study is that a prior failed CTO PCI attempt is associated with higher angiographic complexity, longer procedural duration and fluoroscopy time, but not with lower success and higher complication rates of subsequent CTO PCI attempts. Balloon uncrossable lesions are lesions that cannot be crossed with a balloon after successful advancement of the guidewire distal to the lesion. These lesions can be challenging to treat, requiring specialized techniques and equipment. In our study, we found that balloon uncrossable CTOs are common, are associated with high rates of technical failure, and require specialized techniques for successful treatment. Intravascular imaging can facilitate CTO PCI. Use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) for stent optimization during CTO PCI has been shown to improve long-term outcomes, yet its impact on crossing has received limited study. In our study, we found that intravascular imaging is frequently performed during CTO PCI both for crossing and for stent selection/ optimization. Despite its use in more complex lesion subsets, intravascular imaging was associated with similar rates of technical and procedural success for CTO PCI.

scholarly journals In-hospital Outcome of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention among Very Elderly Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in a Dedicated Cardiac Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arifur Rahman ◽  
Afzalur Rahman ◽  
Mohammd Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Farhana Ahmed ◽  
Md Kamrul Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Very Elderly ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Procedural Success ◽  
Emergency Revascularization

Background: Cardiovascular disease, and ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the very elderly patients (>80 years) worldwide. These patients represent a rapidly growing cohort presenting for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), now constituting more than one in five patients treated with PCI in real-world practice. Furthermore, they often have greater ischemic burden than their younger counterparts, suggesting that they have greater scope of benefit from coronary revascularization therapy. The elderly usually has higher prevalence of co morbidities and more often experience complications during and after revascularization procedures. Our aim was to evaluate clinical outcomes of PCI in patients older than 80 years, compared to their younger counterparts. Materials and methods: From July 2017 to July 2018 we included 212 patients with IHD purposively in Cardiology department of National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases undergone PCI who were divided into 2 groups according to age: e” 80 years (n = 74) and < 80 years (n = 138). Baseline clinical characteristics, indications for coronary intervention, in hospital outcomes were obtained. Study endpoint were Renal impairment, MI, LVF, emergency revascularization and death. Results: Very elderly patients were more frequently male (86%) and nonsmoker at present (41% vs. 63%, p=0.003), had higher prevalence of hypertension (60% vs. 50%, p<0.13), and more often presented with NSTEMI (54% vs. 23%, p<0.001). Elderly group had higher incidence of TVD and LM disease (36% vs. 26% and 9.5% vs. 2.9%, p=0.07) and more incidence of ostial (16.2% vs.5.1%,p=0.007) and calcified lesions (31.1% vs. 14.5%, p=0.004). Procedural success (TIMI III) were high in both groups, but still lower in the elderly as compared to younger group (95% vs. 97%, p=0.65). Very elderly patients had higher incidence of post PCI bleeding, CIN, MI, LVF and death (9.5% vs.6.1%, 8.2% vs.3.7%, 6.8% vs.5.8%, 9.5% vs. 5.1% and 5.4%vs.3.6%,p=0.07), whereas emergency revascularization were higher in younger group (5.4% vs. 6.5%, p=0.07). Conclusion: Very elderly patients aged ≥80 years face more vascular site complications during PCI, usually have more LM and TVD with more ostial and calcified lesions in comparison with younger group. Though procedural success is similar with younger group, they face more post PCI CIN, LVF and MI. Repeat revascularization was higher in younger group. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2020; 35(1) : 61-65

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Diabetes and Multivessel or Left Main Disease – a Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Donald E Cutlip ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Bare Metal Stents ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Metal Stents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact

Coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes is frequently a diffuse process with multivessel involvement and is associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction and death. The role of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with diabetes and multivessel disease who require revascularisation has been debated and remains uncertain. The debate has been continued mainly because of the question to what degree an increased risk for in-stent restenosis among patients with diabetes contributes to other late adverse outcomes. This article reviews outcomes from early trials of balloon angioplasty versus CABG through later trials of bare-metal stents versus CABG and more recent data with drug-eluting stents as the comparator. Although not all studies have been powered to show statistical significance, the results have been generally consistent with a mortality benefit for CABG versus PCI, despite differential risks for restenosis with the various PCI approaches. The review also considers the impact of mammary artery grafting of the left anterior descending artery and individual case selection on these results, and proposes an algorithm for selection of patients in whom PCI remains a reasonable strategy.

scholarly journals Long term outcomes of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases after percutaneous coronary intervention

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Marcusohn ◽  
R Zukermann ◽  
A Roguin ◽  
O Kobo
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary

Abstract Introduction Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Aim We aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods A Retrospective cohort study of all adult (&gt;18 years) patients who underwent PCI in a large [1000 bed] tertiary care centerfrom January 2002 to August 2020. Results A total of 12,951 patients underwent PCI during the study period and were included in the cohort. The population of chronic inflammatory diseases includes 247/12,951 [1.9%]; 70 with IBD and 173 with AIRD. The composite endpoint of mortality, ACS or CHF admission was more frequent in the inflammatory disease group (77.5% in AIRD group, 72.9% in the IBD group and 59.6% in the non-inflammatory group, p&lt;0.001). The adjusted cox regression model found a statistically significant increased risk of the composite primary endpoints of around 40% for patients both with AIRD and IBD. The increased risk for ACS was 61% for AIRD patients and 37% for IBD patients. Patients with inflammatory diseases were found to have a significant increased risk CHF admission, while both IBD and AIED patients had a non-significant increased risk for mortality. Conclusion Patients with AIRD and IBD are at higher risk for cardiovascular events also in long term follow up once diagnosed with CAD and treated with PCI. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

scholarly journals Association Between Smoking Status and Outcomes in ST-Segment Elevation and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Hui Sia ◽  
Junsuk Ko ◽  
Huili Zheng ◽  
Andrew Ho ◽  
David Foo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary

Abstract Smoking is one of the leading risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease and hypertension. However, in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients, smoking has been associated with better clinical outcomes, a phenomenon termed the “smoker’s paradox.” Given the known detrimental effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system, it has been proposed that the beneficial effects of smoking on outcomes is due to age differences between smokers and non-smokers and is therefore a smoker’s pseudoparadox. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between smoking status and clinical outcomes in ST-segment elevation (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) patients treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), using a national multi-ethnic Asian registry. In unadjusted analyses, current smokers had better clinical outcomes following STEMI and NSTEMI. However, after adjusting for age, the protective effect of smoking was lost, confirming a smoker’s pseudoparadox. Interestingly, although current smokers had increased risk for recurrent MI within 1 year after PCI in both STEMI and NSTEMI patients, there was no increase in mortality. In summary, we confirm the existence of a smoker’s pseudoparadox in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort of STEMI and NSTEMI patients and report increased risk of recurrent MI, but not mortality, in smokers.

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