Abstract P154: Results From A Randomized Trial Of Different Rest Times Before Initiating BP Measurements

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy M Brady ◽  
Junichi Ishigami ◽  
Edgar R Miller ◽  
Kunihiro Matsushita ◽  
Lawrence J Appel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rest Period ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Mean Absolute Difference ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Design And Methods

Background: BP measurement guidelines recommend ≥5 min of rest before initiation of readings; this wait time is challenging to implement, especially in resource-constrained settings. Objective: Compare the effects of resting 0 or 2 min vs. 5 min on BP. Design and methods: RCT of community-dwelling adults, 18-80yrs. Participants had 4 sets of BP measurements (Omron HEM 970XL). In a cross-over design, the order of rest for the 1 st 3 sets [0min, 2min, 5min 1 ] was random. The 4 th set was always a 2nd 5min rest period (5min 2 ) to estimate repeatability. Mean BP for each rest period, mean absolute difference between each participant’s mean BP after 5min 1 and the other rest periods were determined. To determine if resting 0min and/or 2min was non-inferior to 5min 1 , we calculated the difference of differences, with ≤ ±2 mmHg considered non-inferior. Analyses were for the population overall and stratified by SBP ≥ vs. < 140mmHg. Results: N=113, mean age 55yrs, 36% male (n=41), 74% AA (n=84), 28% SBP > 140mmHg (n=32). Overall, mean 5min 1 BP was 128/75 and 5min 2 BP was 127/76 (p=NS), similar to mean BP at 2min and 0min (127/74 for both). The absolute difference of differences between 2min and 5min 1 SBP for the population overall was > ±2 mmHg, but for those with SBP <140, resting 2min and 0min BP was ≤ ±2 mmHg (Table). Conclusion: In this RCT, mean differences in BP by rest period were small. BPs obtained after shorter rest periods were non-inferior than those obtained after 5min when SBP <140. This suggests shorter rest times, even 0 min, may be reasonable for screening when the initial SBP is <140. These findings could improve the efficiency of hypertension screening, especially in resource-constrained settings.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Rest Period Durations Prior to Blood Pressure Measurement: The Best Rest Trial

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy M. Brady ◽  
Jeanne Charleston ◽  
Junichi Ishigami ◽  
Edgar R. Miller ◽  
Kunihiro Matsushita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Noninferiority Margin

A rest period of 3 to 5 minutes before blood pressure (BP) measurement is recommended in hypertension guidelines but can be challenging to implement. We conducted a randomized trial to determine the effects of resting for <5 minutes on BP. In a cross-over design, 113 participants (mean age 55 years, 36% male, 75% Black) had 4 sets of triplicate BP measurements with the order of rest for the first 3 sets (0 minutes, 2 minutes, 5 minutes 1 ) randomized. The fourth set was always a second 5-minute rest period (5 minutes 2 ), from which we calculated the difference between 5 minutes 1 and 5 minutes 2 (5 minutes 1 −5 minutes 2 ), a measure of intrinsic BP variability. To determine if there was no difference between BPs obtained after resting 0 minutes or 2 minutes versus 5 minutes 1 , we tested whether 5 minutes 1 −0 minutes or 5 minutes 1 −2 minutes was within a prespecified noninferiority margin of ±2 mm Hg compared with 5 minutes 1 −5 minutes 2 . Overall, mean BP was similar across 5 minutes 1 (128/75), 5 minutes 2 (127/76), 2 minutes (127/74), and 0 minutes (127/74). Compared with the average absolute 5 minutes 1 −5 minutes 2 difference (5.3/3.0 mm Hg), the absolute systolic BP difference of differences did not cross our noninferiority margin for 0 minutes rest (0.2 [95% CI, 0.8–1.2]) but did for 2 minutes rest (−1.7 [−2.8 to −0.6]). Among those with systolic BP <140, the absolute difference of differences for both 0 and 2 minutes did not cross the ±2 mm Hg margin; however, those with systolic BP ≥140 had differences that did exceed this threshold. Our findings suggest that shorter rest periods may be a reasonable alternative to 5 minutes for most individuals. Implementation could substantially improve the efficiency of hypertension screening programs. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT04031768.

Performance Evaluation of Different Cost Functions in Motion Vector Estimation

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvojit Acharjee ◽  
Sayan Chakraborty ◽  
Wahiba Ben Abdessalem Karaa ◽  
Ahmad Taher Azar ◽  
Nilanjan Dey
Keyword(s):  
Video Compression ◽  
Motion Vector ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Surveillance Video ◽  
Mean Absolute Difference ◽  
Vector Estimation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temporal Redundancy

Video is an important medium in terms of information sharing in this present era. The tremendous growth of video use can be seen in the traditional multimedia application as well as in many other applications like medical videos, surveillance video etc. Raw video data is usually large in size, which demands for video compression. In different video compressing schemes, motion vector is a very important step to remove the temporal redundancy. A frame is first divided into small blocks and then motion vector for each block is computed. The difference between two blocks is evaluated by different cost functions (i.e. mean absolute difference (MAD), mean square error (MSE) etc).In this paper the performance of different cost functions was evaluated and also the most suitable cost function for motion vector estimation was found.

Patient-Specific 3-D Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Dynamic Simulation of Hip Impingement and Range of Motion Can Replace 3-D Computed Tomography–Based Simulation for Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement: Implications for Planning Open Hip Preservation Surgery and Hip Arthroscopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2966-2977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Till D. Lerch ◽  
Celia Degonda ◽  
Florian Schmaranzer ◽  
Inga Todorski ◽  
Jennifer Cullmann-Bastian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arthroscopic Surgery ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Mean Absolute Difference ◽  
Hip Impingement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ct And Mri

Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a complex 3-dimensional (3D) hip abnormality that can cause hip pain and osteoarthritis in young and active patients of childbearing age. Imaging is static and based on 2-dimensional radiographs or computed tomography (CT) scans. Recently, CT-based 3D impingement simulation was introduced for patient-specific assessments of hip deformities, whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a radiation-free alternative for surgical planning before hip arthroscopic surgery. Purpose: To (1) investigate the difference between 3D models of the hip, (2) correlate the location of hip impingement and range of motion (ROM), and (3) correlate diagnostic parameters while comparing CT- and MRI-based osseous 3D models of the hip in symptomatic patients with FAI. Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: The authors performed an institutional review board–approved comparative and retrospective study of 31 hips in 26 symptomatic patients with FAI. We compared CT- and MRI-based osseous 3D models of the hip in the same patients. 3D CT scans (slice thickness, 1 mm) of the entire pelvis and the distal femoral condyles were obtained. Preoperative MRI of the hip was performed including an axial-oblique T1 VIBE sequence (slice thickness, 1 mm) and 2 axial anisotropic (1.2 × 1.2 × 1 mm) T1 VIBE Dixon sequences of the entire pelvis and the distal femoral condyles. Threshold-based semiautomatic reconstruction of 3D models was performed using commercial software. CT- and MRI-based 3D models were compared with specifically developed software. Results: (1) The difference between MRI- and CT-based 3D models was less than 1 mm for the proximal femur and the acetabulum (median surface distance, 0.4 ± 0.1 mm and 0.4 ± 0.2 mm, respectively). (2) The correlation for ROM values was excellent ( r = 0.99, P < .001) between CT and MRI. The mean absolute difference for flexion and extension was 1.9°± 1.5° and 2.6°± 1.9°, respectively. The location of impingement did not differ between CT- and MRI-based 3D ROM analysis in all 12 of 12 acetabular and 11 of 12 femoral clock-face positions. (3) The correlation for 6 diagnostic parameters was excellent ( r = 0.98, P < .001) between CT and MRI. The mean absolute difference for inclination and anteversion was 2.0°± 1.8° and 1.0°± 0.8°, respectively. Conclusion: Patient-specific and radiation-free MRI-based dynamic 3D simulation of hip impingement and ROM can replace CT-based 3D simulation for patients with FAI of childbearing age. On the basis of these excellent results, we intend to change our clinical practice, and we will use MRI-based 3D models for future clinical practice instead of CT-based 3D models. This allows radiation-free and patient-specific preoperative 3D impingement simulation for surgical planning and simulation of open hip preservation surgery and hip arthroscopic surgery.

scholarly journals P1559 3D echocardiography improves the agreement between left ventricular and right ventricular stroke volumes in healthy individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Pilalidou ◽  
V K Kantartzi ◽  
C A Adamopoulos ◽  
L Z Zitiridou ◽  
M D Dimtsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
P Value ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Mean Absolute Difference ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Intracardiac Shunt ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None Background/Introduction: Calculation of the LV and RV stroke volumes (SV) with the volumetric method can be useful for assessment of valvular regurgitant volumes and intracardiac shunt ratios. However, this method often yields significant differences between the estimated LV and RV SV even in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that this discrepancy can be largely due to the assumption of LV and RV outflow tract circularity which forms the basis of 2D derived areas. Purpose To assess if the use of 3D transoesophageal (TOE) derived LVOT and RVOT areas can improve the agreement between LV and RV stroke volumes using the volumetric approach in healthy subjects with no valvular abnormality or intracardiac shunt. Methods We studied 20 patients (9 Males, age: 51 ± 19 y) submitted to TOE for various reasons, who had normal cardiac anatomy and function and good quality 3D TOE LVOT and RVOT data. Two dimensional TOE measurements of the LVOT and RVOT diameters were made in a zoomed mid oesophageal long axis and short axis view respectively; using these measurements 2D TOE LVOT and RVOT derived areas were calculated assuming circularity. In a similar way, we calculated the 2D LVOT and RVOT areas using data from transthoracic echo (TTE) for each patient. Offline analysis of the 3D TOE data allowed direct planimetry of the LVOT and RVOT areas devoid of any geometric assumptions. Finally, calculation of the 2D TTE, 2D TOE and 3D TOE LV and RV stroke volumes were performed for each patient based on the acquired data. The difference between LV and RV stroke volume (which theoretically should be around zero) for each technique and for each patient was also calculated. Results The mean LV and RV SV for the whole cohort, did not differ significantly within each method: 2D-TTE. However, the mean absolute difference between LV and RV stoke volumes for each technique was significantly lower with the use of 3D TOE compared to both 2D TTE and 2D TOE. Mean values and dispersion of absolute differences for each method are shown in Figure 1. Conclusions Compared to 2D, use of direct 3D TOE RVOT and LVOT planimetry yielded significantly less difference between RV and LV stroke volumes in healthy individuals. This finding can have potential clinical implications for more accurate assessment of valvular regurgitant volumes or intracardiac shunts. The mean absolute difference LV-RV Absolute mean defference between LV and RV 95%ΔΕ F(2.38) p-value TTE 2D 18,65 ± 11,72 (13,2-24,1) 8.63 0.001 TOE 2D 13,45 ± 12,44 (7,6-19.3) 8.63 0.001 TOE 3D 6,45 ± 3,62 (4,8-8,1) 8.63 0.001 Abstract P1559 Figure. Bland Altaman Analysis

Interpretation of Coastal HF Radar–Derived Surface Currents with High-Resolution Drifter Data

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carter Ohlmann ◽  
Peter White ◽  
Libe Washburn ◽  
Brian Emery ◽  
Eric Terrill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Diego ◽  
Surface Current ◽  
Hf Radar ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Mean Absolute Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Surface Drifters ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Dense arrays of surface drifters are used to quantify the flow field on time and space scales over which high-frequency (HF) radar observations are measured. Up to 13 drifters were repetitively deployed off the Santa Barbara and San Diego coasts on 7 days during 18 months. Each day a regularly spaced grid overlaid on a 1-km2 (San Diego) or 4-km2 (Santa Barbara) square, located where HF radar radial data are nearly orthogonal, was seeded with drifters. As drifters moved from the square, they were retrieved and replaced to maintain a spatially uniform distribution of observations within the sampling area during the day. This sampling scheme resulted in up to 56 velocity observations distributed over the time (1 h) and space (1 and 4 km2) scales implicit in typical surface current maps from HF radar. Root-mean-square (RMS) differences between HF radar radial velocities obtained using measured antenna patterns, and average drifter velocities, are mostly 3–5 cm s−1. Smaller RMS differences compared with past validation studies that employ current meters are due to drifter resolution of subgrid-scale velocity variance included in time and space average HF radar fields. Roughly 5 cm s−1 can be attributed to sampling on disparate time and space scales. Despite generally good agreement, differences can change dramatically with time. In one instance, the difference increases from near zero to more than 20 cm s−1 within 2 h. The RMS difference and bias (mean absolute difference) for that day exceed 7 and 12 cm s−1, respectively.

scholarly journals Mask-R$$^{2}$$CNN: a distance-field regression version of Mask-RCNN for fetal-head delineation in ultrasound images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Moccia ◽  
Maria Chiara Fiorentino ◽  
Emanuele Frontoni
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Fetal Head ◽  
Mean Absolute Difference ◽  
Distance Field ◽  
Feature Pyramid ◽  
End To End ◽  
Ablation Study

Abstract Background and objectives Fetal head-circumference (HC) measurement from ultrasound (US) images provides useful hints for assessing fetal growth. Such measurement is performed manually during the actual clinical practice, posing issues relevant to intra- and inter-clinician variability. This work presents a fully automatic, deep-learning-based approach to HC delineation, which we named Mask-R$$^{2}$$ 2 CNN. It advances our previous work in the field and performs HC distance-field regression in an end-to-end fashion, without requiring a priori HC localization nor any postprocessing for outlier removal. Methods Mask-R$$^{2}$$ 2 CNN follows the Mask-RCNN architecture, with a backbone inspired by feature-pyramid networks, a region-proposal network and the ROI align. The Mask-RCNN segmentation head is here modified to regress the HC distance field. Results Mask-R$$^{2}$$ 2 CNN was tested on the HC18 Challenge dataset, which consists of 999 training and 335 testing images. With a comprehensive ablation study, we showed that Mask-R$$^{2}$$ 2 CNN achieved a mean absolute difference of 1.95 mm (standard deviation $$=\pm 1.92$$ = ± 1.92  mm), outperforming other approaches in the literature. Conclusions With this work, we proposed an end-to-end model for HC distance-field regression. With our experimental results, we showed that Mask-R$$^{2}$$ 2 CNN may be an effective support for clinicians for assessing fetal growth.

Morphophysiological studies of the shoot apex. I. Recurrent growth flushes and their relationship with structural changes in the growing apex of Callistemon viminalis

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1287-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Purohit ◽  
K. K. Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Active Period ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Callistemon Viminalis

The annual growth cycle of Callistemon viminalis consists of three phases: (1) a reproductive phase that continues till the end of February; (2) a vegetative phase that lasts from the end of February till the end of August; and (3) a long dormant phase which lasts till the end of December. The cycle exhibits four growth flushes with alternating periods of active growth and rest. The duration of the successive rest periods increases, leading eventually to the onset of the long dormant phase.The growing apex exhibits more or less similar histological changes in different growth flushes. An increase in divisional activity of the cells of flanking meristem, accompanied by a decline in the elongation of cells of pith rib meristem, characterizes the rest period. During the active period of growth, the cells of the pith rib meristem elongate but the activity of the flanking meristem decreases. The number of leaves produced in each growth flush, therefore, is dependent upon the duration of the preceding rest period, and their size and nature on the duration of active growth. In growth flush 1 the cells of the rib meristem show elongation twice during the active period corresponding with the separation of floral buds and of foliage leaves respectively. In the long dormant phase, on the other hand, the cells of the flanking meristem show high divisional activity twice, first during September when new leaf primordia are initiated, and again during November when floral buds are initiated. Events of great significance thus occur during the long dormant phase. The reproductive development is characterized by a marked increase in the rate of cell division in the flanking meristem accompanied by cessation of growth, the features that characterize the rest period as well.

Effect of Healing on Fatigue Law Parameters of Asphalt Binders

2012 ◽  
Vol 2293 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Stimilli ◽  
Cassie Hintz ◽  
Zhijun Li ◽  
Raul Velasquez ◽  
Hussain U. Bahia
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Traffic Loading ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Pavement Structure ◽  
Number Of Cycles

Asphalt binder has the ability to self-heal during rest periods when repetitive loading is applied. Studying the effect of rest on fatigue law parameters provides useful insight into the healing capabilities of asphalt binders. Currently, standard testing and analysis procedures to quantify asphalt binder healing capability are limited and difficult to implement in practice. Fatigue is known to depend on both traffic loading and pavement structure. Power law relations (e.g., Nf = Aγ−B) are commonly used for fatigue analysis of pavement materials. Power laws are used to estimate fatigue life (i.e., number of cycles to failure, Nf) as a function of load amplitude (e.g., strain, γ), which is a reflection of the pavement structure. In this study, testing consisted of strain-controlled time sweeps in the dynamic shear rheometer with a single rest period inserted at a specified damage level. With the selected test, the effect of healing on the relationship between fatigue life and strain was investigated. Nine neat and modified binders were tested. Healing testing was conducted at multiple age levels and strains. Healing that resulted from a single rest period had an insignificant effect on fatigue performance compared with modification and oxidative aging. Although this paper highlights the challenges of using few rest periods to predict healing potential, preliminary results of testing with multiple rest periods show the importance of healing. Further investigation is needed to verify the effect of multiple rest periods on binder fatigue.

scholarly journals The reproducibility of subjective appetite scores

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Raben ◽  
ANNA TAGLIABUE ◽  
Arne Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Vas Scores ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences

Although subjective appetite scores are widely used, studies on the reproducibility of this method are scarce. In the present study nine healthy, normal weight, young men recorded their subjective appetite sensations before and during 5 h after two different test meals A and B. The subjects tested each meal twice and in randomized order. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, 10 cm in length, were used to assess hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption and palatability of the meals. Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were determined concomitantly. The repeatability was investigated for fasting values, Δ-mean 5 h and mean 5 h values, Δ-peak/nadir and peak/nadir values. Although the profiles of the postprandial responses were similar, the coefficients of repeatability (CR = 2SD) on the mean differences were large, ranging from 2·86 to 5.24 cm for fasting scores, 1·36 to 1·88 cm for mean scores, 2·98 to 5·42 cm for Δ-mean scores, and 3·16 to 6·44 cm for peak and Δ-peak scores. For palatability ratings the CK values varied more, ranging from 2·38 (taste) to 8·70 cm (aftertaste). Part of the difference in satiety ratings could be explained by the differences in palatability ratings. However, the low reproducibility may also be caused by a conditioned satiation or hunger due to the subjects' prior experience of the meals and therefore not just be a reflection of random noise. It is likely, however, that the variation in appetite ratings is due both to methodological day-to-day variation and to biological day-to-day variation in subjective appetite sensations.

Abstract P319: Association of Heart Rate Reserve with Incidence of Hypertension in Men

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek K Prasad ◽  
Gregory A Hand ◽  
Mei Sui ◽  
Duck C Lee ◽  
Deepika Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Design And Methods

Abstract Objectives— We examined the association between heart rate reserve (HRR) and incident hypertension in men in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Research design and Methods— A total of 10418 healthy normotensive men, who did not have an abnormal electrocardiogram or a history of heart attack, stroke, cancer, or diabetes, performed a maximal treadmill exercise test and were followed for the incidence of hypertension. HRR was defined as the difference between maximal heart rate during exercise test and resting heart rate. Results— During a mean follow-up of 6 years, there were 2831 cases of incident hypertension. Compared with men in the reference category (the lowest quartile of HRR), the risk of incident hypertension was significantly lower in the highest quartile of HRR with a hazard ratio 0.67 (95% CI: 0.60-0.75) when adjusted for age and baseline examination year. Further adjustment for smoking, heavy drinking, body mass index (BMI), resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose and cardio respiratory fitness, resulted a hazard ratio of 0.84 (95% CI:0.74-0.95). This result was almost similar when we stratified them into younger and older men with hazard ratio of 0.77(95% CI: 0.62-0.98) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.66-0.90) respectively. We also found a significant lower hypertension risk associated with higher HRR among high risk groups such as overweight, low fitness, or prehypertension with hazard ratio of 0.82(95% CI:0.70-0.97), 0.80(95% CI:0.67-0.96), 0.76(95% CI:0.64-0.88) respectively. Conclusion— Risk of Incident hypertension was significantly lower in men with higher HRR. High HRR was also associated with lower risk of developing hypertension irrespective of age and status of risk factors such as high BMI, low fitness and prehypertension. Therefore, HRR may be considered as a reliable exercise parameter for predicting the risk of incident hypertension.

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