Abstract WP122: The Coexisting Leukoaraiosis In Ischemic Stroke Patients: How Does It Change Over Time?

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A-hyun Cho ◽  
Seung-Jae Lee ◽  
Si Baek Lee ◽  
Soo-Jeong Han ◽  
Woojoon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Flair Image ◽  
Stroke Subtype ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Over Time

Background: The prevalence of leukoaraiosis or white matter hyperintensities (WMH) is getting higher with the easy accessibility of brain imaging. Their clinical significance has not been known yet. Herein, we aimed to investigate how they progress or regress over time in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: We consecutively enrolled ischemic stroke patients who underwent brain MRI (T2-weighted image or fluid-attenuated inverse recovery (FLAIR) image) more than twice with at least a 6 month time-interval. Patients with pathologic lesions which cannot be distinguished from WMH were excluded. Clinical variables (age, sex, risk factors, stroke subtypes, and imaging time) were obtained by reviewing medical records. T2-weighted image or FLAIR image was used to assess the presence of WMH. WMH was visually measured with use of modified Fazekas grading by an independent investigator. The change of WMH was interpreted as 1)no change, 2)progress, 3)regression, 4)distinctive progress and regression. The descriptive analysis of the pattern of WMH change over time and factors associated with each pattern were analyzed. Results: The total number of enrolled patients were 100. Their age (mean±SD) was 67.5±11.8 years and 63 were male. The most common stroke subtype was small vessel disease (SVD, 43%), followed by large vessel disease (LVD, 27%), and cardioembolism (9%). The imaging time-interval (mean±SD) was 28.0±16.6 months. In 64 patients, WMH was observed on brain MRI. Among them, the WMH pattern didn’t change in 25 patients, progressed in 28, regressed in 10 and progressed in distinctive region and regressed in others in 4 patients. Three patients had newly developed WMH on their follow-up MRI. 51.9% (14/27) of patients with LVD showed progress, whereas 30.2% (13/43) of SVD showed progress. Regarding regression, 16.3% (7/43) of patients with SVD, 11.1% (3/27) of LVD showed regression. The presence of LVD was significantly associated with WMH progression (14/27 vs. 18/73, p=0.015). The WMH changing pattern was not affected by risk factors. Conclusions: Over half of patients with stroke showed progress of WMH on their follow-up MRI. In addition, regression of WMH was also observed in 21.8% patients. Stroke subtype of LVD was associated with WMH progression.

Abstract WP190: Clinical Features of Sarcoid Patients With Ischemic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Z Obeidat ◽  
Heidi Sucharew ◽  
Charles J Moomaw ◽  
Dawn O Kleindorfer ◽  
Brett M Kissela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Sporadic Case ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Stroke Subtype ◽  
Stroke Event ◽  
History Of

Background: Current knowledge on ischemic stroke in sarcoid patients stems from sporadic case reports. The mechanism is thought to be related to granulomatous involvement of brain vasculature. However, clinical, demographic, and radiographic features of sarcoid patients with ischemic stroke are lacking. If sarcoid patients are at higher risk for ischemic stroke event, we hypothesized that the risk factors for ischemic stroke and stroke subtype distribution would differ between sarcoid and non-sarcoid ischemic stroke patients. Methods: Cases of ischemic stroke were identified for the years 2005 and 2010 from the population-based Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (population 1.3 million). Ischemic stroke cases were physician study confirmed and patients with a history of sarcoid were identified through medical chart review. Clinical variables were compared between stroke patients with history of sarcoid and those with no prior sarcoid history. Results: A total of 4258 cases of ischemic stroke were identified; of them, only 18 had prior diagnosis of sarcoid (0.04%). Brain MRI showed diffusion restriction in 14 out of 15 (93%) MRIs performed in sarcoid patients. The table presents risk factor and subtype data on sarcoid patients compared with non-sarcoid patients. Conclusions: We identified only a few cases of prior sarcoid history in our two-year ascertainment of ischemic stroke patients in our population. In comparison with stroke patients with no prior history of sarcoid, the sarcoid patients tended to be of younger age at presentation, female, have a history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia, and more likely of African descent, perhaps related to the diagnosis of sarcoid itself. We were unable to detect differences in stroke subtype distributions between sarcoid and non-sarcoid ischemic stroke patients.

Abstract P219: Constant Numbers but Change in Stroke Subtype of Patients with First-Ever Minor Stroke/TIA from 2002 to 2012 in London, Canada

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysi Bogiatzi ◽  
Daniel G Hackam ◽  
Ian A McLeod ◽  
David J Spence
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Minor Stroke ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Stroke Subtype ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Stroke Subtypes ◽  
Reliable Classification ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Major Stroke

Introduction: In Canada, major stroke hospital admission decreased by 27.6% and stroke mortality decreased by 28.2% between 1994 and 2004. However, there are no regional data on rates of incident minor stroke/TIA. We hypothesized that there has been a decrease in minor stroke/TIA over time due to better management of cerebrovascular risk factors. Methods: We included patients who diagnosed with a minor stroke/TIA in the regional Urgent TIA Clinic in London, Ontario, Canada from 2002 to 2012. We used a valid and reliable classification system for subtypes of ischemic stroke (SPARKLE) to categorize patients into five etiological stroke subtypes. Secular trends of minor stroke/TIA and the five ischemic stroke subtypes, represented with Lattice Plots, were analyzed using Poisson regression analysis with spline trend function. Results: Between 2002 and 2012, we identified 3,445 eligible patients. There was no decrease in minor stroke/TIA during the study period (348 patients in 2002 versus 261 patients in 2012, p=0.65 for trend). However, there was a significant increase in cardioembolic stroke/TIA, with a corresponding decrease in all other ischemic stroke subtypes. Patients in 2012 were one year younger compared to patients in 2002 (p=0.04). Discussion: Stroke mortality and major stroke incidence have decreased over time, but numbers of patients who experience a first-ever minor stroke/TIA have remained constant. With more intensive medical therapy there may have been a shift from major to minor stroke occurrence, given that more recent patients are younger than patients presenting in previous years. Further investigation is required to identify prevailing stroke risk factors in this population to decrease the burden and incidence of stroke/TIA.

Brain microbleeds, anticoagulation, and hemorrhage risk

Neurology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (23) ◽  
pp. 2317-2326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Charidimou ◽  
Christopher Karayiannis ◽  
Tae-Jin Song ◽  
Dilek Necioglu Orken ◽  
Vincent Thijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Hemorrhage Risk

Objectives:To assess the association between cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and future spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) risk in ischemic stroke patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) taking oral anticoagulants.Methods:This was a meta-analysis of cohort studies with >50 patients with recent ischemic stroke and documented AF, brain MRI at baseline, long-term oral anticoagulation treatment, and ≥6 months of follow-up. Authors provided summary-level data on stroke outcomes stratified by CMB status. We estimated pooled annualized ICH and ischemic stroke rates from Poisson regression. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) of ICH by CMB presence/absence, ≥5 CMBs, and CMB topography (strictly lobar, mixed, and strictly deep) using random-effects models.Results:We established an international collaboration and pooled data from 8 centers including 1,552 patients. The crude CMB prevalence was 30% and 7% for ≥5 CMBs. Baseline CMB presence (vs no CMB) was associated with ICH during follow-up (OR 2.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–6.01, p = 0.017). Presence of ≥5 CMB was related to higher future ICH risk (OR 5.50, 95% CI 2.07–14.66, p = 0.001). The pooled annual ICH incidence increased from 0.30% (95% CI 0.04–0.55) among CMB-negative patients to 0.81% (95% CI 0.17–1.45) in CMB-positive patients (p = 0.01) and 2.48% (95% CI 1.2–6.2) in patients with ≥5 CMBs (p = 0.001). There was no association between CMBs and recurrent ischemic stroke.Conclusions:The presence of CMB on MRI and the dichotomized cutoff of ≥5 CMBs might identify subgroups of ischemic stroke patients with AF with high ICH risk and after further validation could help in risk stratification, in anticoagulation decisions, and in guiding randomized trials and ongoing large observational studies.

scholarly journals Cerebral Microbleed Burden in Ischemic Stroke Patients on Aspirin: Prospective Cohort of Intracranial Hemorrhage

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong-xi Xu ◽  
Hui Xu ◽  
Tong Yi ◽  
Xing-yang Yi ◽  
Jun-peng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Intracranial Hemorrhage ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Cerebral Microbleeds ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Stroke Patients

Objective: This investigation aimed at studying the prevalence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), including risk factors and the correlation of CMBs to ischemic stroke (IS) patient end results.Methods: Four hundred and fifty-nine acute IS cases were recruited between April 2014 and December 2016. Cerebral microbleeds were analyzed using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) brain MRI scan. The enrolled patients with acute IS were followed up for 12–24 months, with a median follow-up time of 19 months. The follow-up endpoint events including recurrent ischemic stroke (RIS), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), transient ischemic attack (TIA), mortality, and cardiovascular events. The associations between vascular risk factors and CMBs in IS patients were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Cox regression model was employed for evaluating CMB impact on clinical outcome.Results: Among 459 enrolled patients, 187 (40.7%) had CMBs and 272 (59.2%) had no CMB. In comparison with patients with no CMBs, age was higher and hypertension was more frequent in patients with CMBs. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed age and hypertension were independently associated with the presence of CMBs. Among the patient cohort, 450 cases completed the follow-up. During the follow-up period, 22 (4.9%) of patients developed ICH, 12 (2.7%) developed TIA, 68 (15.1%) developed RIS, cardiovascular events occurred in 20 (4.44%), and 13 (2.89%) cases were mortalities. Compared with patients without CMBs, IS patients with CMBs have an increased prevalence of ICH (p < 0.05). However, no statistically valid variations regarding other outcome incidences between both groups was identified (p > 0.05). The incidence of ICH was elevated in tandem with elevations in number of CMBs. Following adjusting for age, multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis revealed that CMBs ≥10 were independent predictors of ICH in acute IS patients.Conclusion: Age and hypertension are independently associated with the presence of CMBs. Intracranial hemorrhage incidence rate was increased with the number of CMBs, and the number of CMBs ≥10 were independent predictors of ICH in acute stroke patients.

scholarly journals Predictors of Seizure Recurrence after Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Ischemic Stroke Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravin George ◽  
Vineet Punia ◽  
Prashant A. Natteru ◽  
Stephen Hantus ◽  
Christopher Newey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Seizure Recurrence ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Clinical Recurrence ◽  
Sharp Waves ◽  
Nonconvulsive Seizures ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures

Purpose. Seizure is a well-recognized complication of both remote and acute ischemic strokes. Predictors of seizure recurrence and epilepsy in patients with ischemic stroke who develop acute symptomatic seizures (ASyS) on continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) have not been well studied. Methods. We present a five-year retrospective study of acute and remote ischemic stroke patients who developed ASyS on cEEG. We then identified risk factors for the development of seizure recurrence. Results. Sixty-five patients with ischemic stroke and ASyS were identified and reviewed. All ASyS were noted to be nonconvulsive seizures. Clinical recurrence of seizures was identified in 19 of these patients (29.2%) at follow-up. Rate of seizure recurrence was higher in remote ischemic stroke patients (84.2%), compared to acute ischemic stroke patients (15.8%, p=0.0116, OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.049–0.65). Sharp waves/spikes on follow-up EEG significantly correlated with seizure recurrence (p=0.006, OR 0, 95% CI 0–0.3926). Patients discharged on ≥3 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were at a higher risk of having seizure recurrence (p=0.0015, OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.0089–0.37). Conclusion. We identified risk factors of seizure recurrence in patients with ASyS as remote ischemic stroke, requiring multiple AEDs, and the presence of sharp waves on follow-up EEG. This study highlights the usefulness of cEEG in evaluating patients with acute or remote strokes.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Glucose Control and Cognitive Function in People With Diabetes After a Lacunar Stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Cukierman-Yaffe ◽  
Leslie A McClure ◽  
Thomas Risoli ◽  
Jackie Bosch ◽  
Mike Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Glucose Control ◽  
Lacunar Stroke ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Context Lacunar strokes and diabetes are risk factors for cognitive dysfunction. Elucidating modifiable risk factors for cognitive dysfunction has great public health implications. One factor may be glycemic status, as measured by glycated hemoglobin (A1c). Objective The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between A1c and cognitive function in lacunar stroke patients with diabetes. Methods The effect of baseline and follow-up A1c on the baseline and the change in Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI) score over time among participants with a median of 2 cognitive assessments (range, 1-5) was examined in 942 individuals with diabetes and a lacunar stroke who participated in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT00059306). Results Every 1% higher baseline A1c was associated with a 0.06 lower standardized CASI z score (95% CI, –0.101 to –0.018). Higher baseline A1c values were associated with lower CASI z scores over time (P for interaction = .037). A 1% increase in A1c over time corresponded with a CASI score decrease of 0.021 (95% CI, –0.0043 to –0.038) during follow-up. All these remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex, education, race, depression, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, body mass index, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy insulin use, and white-matter abnormalities. Conclusion This analysis of lacunar stroke patients with diabetes demonstrates a relationship between A1c and change in cognitive scores over time. Intervention studies are needed to delineate whether better glucose control could slow the rate of cognitive decline in this high-risk population.

scholarly journals Vascular Risk Factors, Imaging, and Outcomes in Transient Ischemic Attack/Ischemic Stroke Patients with Neuroimaging Evidence of Probable/Possible Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Qihui Zhang ◽  
Anxin Wang ◽  
Xia Meng ◽  
Xiaoling Liao ◽  
Yijun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Ischemic Attack ◽  
Moca Score

Background. In TIA/ischemic stroke patients, the clinical significance of lobar microbleeds potentially indicating cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is unknown. We assessed vascular risk factors and outcomes, including cognition, in TIA/ischemic stroke patients with neuroimaging evidence of probable/possible CAA. Methods. This prospective cohort was conducted from August 2015 and January 2018 at 40 centers. 2625 participants were collected. Eligible participants were aged at least 55 years. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score is less than or equal to 26. A total of 1620 patients were included. 1604 (99.0%) and 1582 (97.7%) participants are followed up at 3 and 12 months. The primary outcomes were death or disability (mRS score, 3-6) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at 3 months and 12 months. Demographic and vascular risk factors were measured at baseline (smoking, alcohol, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack). Blood samples were collected within 24 hours of admission. MRI was recommended for all patients. MoCA score was evaluated at baseline and follow-up. Results. In total, 291/1620 patients with ischemic stroke/TIA (32.7% female and mean age, 67.8 years) had neuroimaging evidence of probable/possible CAA. Higher age, history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, ischemic stroke, alcohol, and high glucose at the admission were more common in the patients. Mean MoCA changed from 21.4 at 3 months (SD 5.2) to 22.3 at 12 months (SD 4.7), difference 0.3 (SD 3.8). At the 3-month and 12-month follow-up, there were significant differences in age, education level, and sex among different cognitive groups. Higher age, lower education (less than high school), and female sex were the predictors of changing in MoCA score from 3 months to 12 months. Moreover, age (more than 66 years) and education (less than high school) are strongly associated with MoCA at 3- and 12-month follow-up. 30 of 286 (10.5%) and 37 of 281 (13.2%) patients had poor outcome of death or disability (modified Rankin Scale score, 3-6) at follow-up 3 and 12 months. Cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) was associated with higher mRS at follow-up. cSS status, cSS count 1-2, cSS strictly lobar, and strictly deep might be the risks of outcomes in adjusted analyses. Conclusion. This study suggested that an increasing number of vascular risk factors and imaging markers were significantly associated with outcomes of TIA/ischemic stroke patients with CAA pattern. Male, young patients with high education should get better cognitive recovery.

Severity of Small Vessel Disease Biomarkers Reduces the Magnitude of Cognitive Recovery after Ischemic Stroke

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sharmila Sagnier ◽  
Gwenaëlle Catheline ◽  
Fanny Munsch ◽  
Antoine Bigourdan ◽  
Mathilde Poli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Cognitive Recovery ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of radiological biomarkers suggestive of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) on the evolution of cognitive performances after an ischemic stroke (IS). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We studied patients with a supratentorial IS recruited consecutively to a prospective monocentric longitudinal study. A cognitive assessment was performed at baseline, 3 months, and 1 year and was based on a Montreal Cognitive Assessment, an Isaacs set test of verbal fluency (IST), and a Zazzo’s cancellation task (ZCT) for the evaluation of attentional functions and processing speed. The following cerebral SVD biomarkers were detected on a 3-T brain MRI performed at baseline: white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), deep and lobar microbleeds, enlarged perivascular spaces in basal ganglia and centrum semiovale, previous small deep infarcts, and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS). Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the relationship between these biomarkers and changes in cognitive performances. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 199 patients (65 ± 13 years, 68% male) were analyzed. Overall, the cognitive performances improved, more significantly in the first 3 months. Severe WMH was identified in 34% of the patients, and focal cSS in 3.5%. Patients with severe WMH and focal cSS had overall worse cognitive performances. Those with severe WMH had less improvement over time for IST (β = −0.16, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and the number of errors to ZCT (β = 0.19, <i>p</i> = 0.02), while those with focal cSS had less improvement over time for ZCT completion time (β = 0.14, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and number of errors (β = 0.17, <i>p</i> = 0.008), regardless of IS volume and location, gray matter volume, demographic confounders, and clinical and cardiovascular risk factors. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The severity of SVD biomarkers, encompassing WMH and cSS, seems to reduce the magnitude of cognitive recovery after an IS. The detection of such SVD biomarkers early after stroke might help to identify patients with a cognitive vulnerability and a higher risk of poststroke cognitive impairment.

Risk Factors of Recurrent Ischemic Events after Acute Noncardiogenic Ischemic Stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (45) ◽  
pp. 4827-4834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Limin Zhang ◽  
Xingang Li ◽  
Dongzhi Wang ◽  
Hong Lv ◽  
Xuezhong Si ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Clopidogrel Therapy ◽  
Ischemic Events

Background: A considerable proportion of acute noncardiogenic ischemic stroke patients continue to experience recurrent ischemic events after standard therapy. Aim: We aimed to identify risk factors for recurrent ischemic event prediction at an early stage. Methods : 286 non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke patients with the onset of symptoms within 24 hours were enrolled. Vascular risk factors, routine laboratory data on admission, thromboelastography test seven days after clopidogrel therapy and any recurrent events within one year were assessed. Patients were divided into case group (patients with clinical adverse events, including ischemic stokes, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction and vascular related mortality) and control group (events-free patients). The risk of the recurrent ischemic events was determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Clinical adverse events were observed in 43 patients (case group). The mean levels of Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), Lymphocyte Count (LY) and Fibrinogen (Fib) on admission were significantly higher in the case group as compared to the control group (P<0.001). Seven days after clopidogrel therapy, the ADP-induced platelet inhibition rate (ADP%) level was lower in the case group, while the Maximum Amplitude (MA) level was higher in the case group as compared to the control group (P<0.01). The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve of LY, PLR, , Fib, MA, ADP% and MPV were 0.602, 0.614, 0.629, 0.770, 0.800 and 0.808, respectively. The logistic regression analysis showed that MPV, ADP% and MA were indeed predictive factors. Conclusion: MPV, ADP% and MA were risk factors of recurrent ischemic events after acute noncardiogenic ischemic stroke. Urgent assessment and individual drug therapy should be offered to these patients as soon as possible.

scholarly journals Multiplicity of Risk Factors in Ischemic Stroke Patients: Relations to Age, Sex, and Subtype - A Study of 2,505 Patients from the Lund Stroke Register

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heléne Starby ◽  
Hossein Delavaran ◽  
Gunnar Andsberg ◽  
Håkan Lövkvist ◽  
Bo Norrving ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
Stroke Register
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