scholarly journals Reclassification of Ischemic Stroke Etiological Subtypes on the Basis of High-Risk Nonstenosing Carotid Plaque

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 504-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hooman Kamel ◽  
Babak B. Navi ◽  
Alexander E. Merkler ◽  
Hediyeh Baradaran ◽  
Iván Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Angiography ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Brain Infarction ◽  
Intraplaque Hemorrhage ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Stroke Subtypes

Background and Purpose— Carotid artery plaque with <50% luminal stenosis may be an underappreciated stroke mechanism. We assessed how many stroke causes might be reclassified after accounting for nonstenosing plaques with high-risk features. Methods— We included patients enrolled in the Cornell Acute Stroke Academic Registry from 2011 to 2015 who had anterior circulation infarction, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, and magnetic resonance angiography of the neck. High-risk plaque was identified by intraplaque hemorrhage ascertained from routine neck magnetic resonance angiography studies using validated methods. Infarct location was determined from diffusion-weighted imaging. Intraplaque hemorrhage and infarct location were assessed separately in a blinded fashion by a neuroradiologist. We used the McNemar test for matched data to compare the prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage ipsilateral versus contralateral to brain infarction. We reclassified stroke subtypes by including large-artery atherosclerosis as a cause if there was intraplaque hemorrhage ipsilateral to brain infarction, regardless of the degree of stenosis. Results— Among the 1721 acute ischemic stroke patients registered in the Cornell Acute Stroke Academic Registry from 2011 to 2015, 579 were eligible for this analysis. High-risk plaque was more common ipsilateral versus contralateral to brain infarction in large-artery atherosclerotic (risk ratio [RR], 3.7 [95% CI, 2.2–6.1]), cryptogenic (RR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.4–3.1]), and cardioembolic strokes (RR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1–2.4]). There were nonsignificant ipsilateral-contralateral differences in high-risk plaque among lacunar strokes (RR, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4–3.5]) and strokes of other determined cause (RR, 1.5 [95% CI, 0.7–3.3]). After accounting for ipsilateral high-risk plaque, 88 (15.2%) patients were reclassified: 38 (22.6%) cardioembolic to multiple potential etiologies, 6 (8.5%) lacunar to multiple, 3 (15.8%) other determined cause to multiple, and 41 (20.8%) cryptogenic to large-artery atherosclerosis. Conclusions— High-risk carotid plaque was more prevalent ipsilateral to brain infarction across several ischemic stroke subtypes. Accounting for such plaques may reclassify the etiologies of up to 15% of cases in our sample.

Abstract TP47: Intracranial Intraplaque Hemorrhage in Acute Stroke: Interim Results of the Stroke Imaging Package Study

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changyun Liu ◽  
Huisheng Chen ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Intraplaque Hemorrhage ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Ischemic Event ◽  
Stroke Imaging ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Conventional Mri

Introdution: Intracranial artery atherosclerosis is an important cause of ischemic stroke, especially in people of Asian origin. Intraplaque hemorrhage is supposed to be a predictor of ischemic event. The goal of this study was to examine the occurrence of intraplaque hemorrhage in a large cohort of Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: Patients with first ever stroke within 72 hours from onset, confirmed by diffusion weighted imaging, were recruited from 16 medical centers. Conventional MRI, magnetic resonance angiography, HRMRI (including 3-dimentional T1 images and 2-dimentional T2 images), and SWI were performed. Intraplaque hemorrhage was identified if hyperintense signals on 3-dimentional T1 images of HRMRI were observed within intracranial plaques. Results: Six hundred and one patients (70% male, mean age 61±16 years old, mean NIHSS 6± 5) were enrolled. Median time from symptom onset to MRI was 44 ± 20 hours. Of them, 240(40%) were diagnosed with large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) stroke. Intracranial intraplaque hemorrhage was identified in 15 intracranial plaques of 13 patients with LAA stroke. Six plaques with intraplaque hemorrhage were asymptomatic and irrelevant to ischemic infarct lesions. In 2 patients, both symptomatic and asymptomatic intraplaque hemorrhage were observed. Conclusions: The prevalence of intracranial intraplaque hemorrhage was low (5.4%)in acute stroke patients. The clinical importance of asymptomatic intraplaque hemorrhage need further investigations.

scholarly journals Associations between cerebral magnetic resonance imaging infarct volume and acute ischemic stroke etiology

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256458
Author(s):  
Nicholas Omid Daneshvari ◽  
Michelle Christina Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Lacunar Stroke ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Stroke Etiology ◽  
Stroke Subtypes

Background Identifying ischemic stroke etiology is necessary for proper treatment and secondary prevention. We sought to define associations between infarct volume and stroke subtypes. Materials and methods Inclusion criteria necessitated a Johns Hopkins Hospital inpatient admission (2017–2019) for ischemic stroke with confirmatory brain magnetic resonance imaging. Infarct volume was calculated using MRIcron© by a masked reviewer. Ischemic strokes were adjudicated using TOAST classification. Multivariable/multinomial logistic regression determined associations between infarct volume and stroke subtypes with interaction terms for infarct number and location. Stepwise adjustment accounted for potential confounders. Results Patients (N = 150) were on average 61 years old, male (58%), and black (57%). Each 5mL increase in infarct volume was associated with cardioembolic (OR 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.14) and large-artery occlusions (OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.02–1.18), but lower odds of lacunar stroke (OR 0.18, 95%CI 0.06–0.55). There was no difference in risk of cardioembolic (base) and large-artery atherosclerotic strokes with increasing infarct volume (RRR 1.01, 95%CI 0.94–1.09), but risk of lacunar stroke was decreased (RRR 0.17, 95%CI 0.06–0.53). Infarct number (single vs multiple) modified the association between volume and subtype for large-artery occlusions (p-interaction 0.09). Conclusions In this study, larger volume infarcts were significantly associated with both cardioembolic and large-artery atherosclerotic strokes (no difference in the degree of association) and decreased odds of lacunar stroke. A single, large-volume stroke was associated with large-artery atherosclerosis, while multiple infarcts were associated with cardioembolism. Given the differential associations between volume, number of lesions, and stroke etiology, defining stroke subtypes in light of infarct volume might aid in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Association between Pericytes in Intraplaque Neovessels and Magnetic Resonance Angiography Findings

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Ogata ◽  
Tomihiro Wakamiya ◽  
Masashi Nishihara ◽  
Tatsuya Tanaka ◽  
Taichiro Mizokami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Angiography ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Intraplaque Hemorrhage ◽  
Carotid Plaques ◽  
Tof Mra ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
High Intensity Signal ◽  
Cluster Of Differentiation

(1) Background: Pericytes are involved in intraplaque neovascularization of advanced and complicated atherosclerotic lesions. However, the role of pericytes in human carotid plaques is unclear. An unstable carotid plaque that shows high-intensity signals on time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is often a cause of ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between the pericytes in intraplaque neovessels and MRA findings. (2) Methods: A total of 46 patients with 49 carotid artery stenoses who underwent carotid endarterectomy at our hospitals were enrolled. The patients with carotid plaques that were histopathologically evaluated were retrospectively analyzed. Intraplaque hemorrhage was evaluated using glycophorin A staining, and intraplaque neovessels were evaluated using CD34 (Cluster of differentiation) stain as an endothelial cell marker or NG2 (Neuron-glial antigen 2) and CD146 stains as pericyte markers. Additionally, the relationships between the TOF-MRA findings and the carotid plaque pathologies were evaluated. (3) Results: Of the 49 stenoses, 28 had high-intensity signals (TOF-HIS group) and 21 had iso-intensity signals (TOF-IIS group) on TOF-MRA. The density of the CD34-positive neovessels was equivalent in both groups. However, the NG2- and CD146-positive neovessels had significantly higher densities in the TOF-HIS group than in the TOF-IIS group. (4) Conclusion: The presence of a high-intensity signal on TOF-MRA in carotid plaques was associated with intraplaque hemorrhage and few pericytes in intraplaque neovessels. These findings may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies focusing on pericytes.

EXPRESS: Evolving Ischemic Stroke Subtypes in 15 years: A hospital-based observational study

2021 ◽  
pp. 174749302110059
Author(s):  
Yiu Ming Bonaventure Ip ◽  
Lisa Au ◽  
Yin Yan Anne Chan ◽  
Florence Fan ◽  
Hing Lung Ip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Cardioembolic Stroke ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Risk Factor Control ◽  
Stroke Subtypes ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Ischemic Attack

Background: Depicting the time trends of ischemic stroke subtypes may inform healthcare resource allocation on etiology-based stroke prevention and treatment. Aim: To reveal the evolving ischemic stroke subtypes from 2004 to 2018. Methods: We determined the stroke etiology of consecutive first-ever transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke patients admitted to a regional hospital in Hong Kong from 2004 to 2018. We analyzed the age-standardized incidences and the 2-year recurrence rate of major ischemic stroke subtypes. Results: Among 6940 patients admitted from 2004 to 2018, age-standardized incidence of ischemic stroke declined from 187.0 to 127.4 per 100,000 population (p<0.001), driven by the decrease in large artery disease (43.0 to 9.67 per 100,000 population (p<0.001)) and small vessel disease (71.9 to 45.7 per 100,000 population (p<0.001)). Age-standardized incidence of cardioembolic stroke did not change significantly (p=0.2). Proportion of cardioembolic stroke increased from 20.4% in 2004-2006 to 29.3% in 2016-2018 (p<0.001). 2-year recurrence rate of intracranial atherothrombotic stroke reduced from 19.3% to 5.1% (p<0.001) with increased prescriptions of statin (p<0.001) and dual anti-platelet therapy (<0.001). In parallel with increased anticoagulation use across the study period (p<0.001), the 2-year recurrence of AF-related stroke reduced from 18.9% to 6% (p<0.001). Conclusion: Etiology-based risk factor control might have led to the diminishing stroke incidences related to atherosclerosis. To tackle the surge of AF-related strokes, arrhythmia screening, anticoagulation usage and mechanical thrombectomy service should be reinforced. Comparable preventive strategies might alleviate the enormous stroke burden in mainland China.

Methylenehydrofolate reductase (C677T) polymorphism and large artery ischemic stroke subtypes

2011 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. They-They ◽  
S. Nadifi ◽  
M. A. Rafai ◽  
O. Battas ◽  
I. Slassi
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
C677t Polymorphism ◽  
Stroke Subtypes

Speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Trush ◽  
S.V Ivanova ◽  
E.N Yushchuk ◽  
A.A Savin ◽  
I.V Melehina
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Speckle Tracking ◽  
Speckle Tracking Echocardiography ◽  
Global Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Stroke Severity ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Stroke Subtypes ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction Global longitudinal strain (GLS) via speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has emerged as a quantitative technique to estimate myocardial function and has been shown to have clinical utility in a variety of settings. The use of this technique in patients with a stroke is limited. Purpose Comparative analysis of myocardial deformation indicators in patients with a stroke, depending on the severity and subtype. Results 230 patients with an acute cerebrovascular accident (132 men and 98 women) were included in our study, with the mean age of 64,9±10,8. Transient ischemic attack (TIA) was diagnosed in 39 (17%), acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in 191 (83%) patients. The type of an ischemic stroke in each patient was classified as one of the following traditional stroke subtypes: large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) was diagnosed in 85 (44,5%), cardioembolic infarcts were diagnosed in 58 (30,4%), lacunar infarcts were diagnosed in 32 (16,8%) and in 16 (8,4%) the stroke was of another determined or undetermined etiology. There was no significant difference in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) between the subgroups of TIA and AIS - 63.0% [60.0; 65.0] and 62.0% [58.0; 65.0], respectively. The LV GLS was within normal limits and amounted to 19.9±2.6 in the TIA group where as in the group of patients with stroke there was a significant (p&lt;0.01) decrease in GLS below standard values - 17.1±3.8. The LV EF showed no significant difference between the groups of stroke subtypes. However, a decrease in GLS was found in the series from cardioembolic infarct &gt; lacunar infarct &gt; LAA - 17.5±3.7 &gt; 16.5±6.5 &gt; 16.2±3.2 (p=0,7). A decrease in GLS was significantly more often observed in male patients. A decrease in the level of GLS in patients with a stroke is associated with duration of type 2 diabetes, stroke severity by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, ECG voltage criteria for LVH, increase in heart rate, LV mass/BSA, relative wall thickness (RWT) according to echocardiography. Significant differences in GLS from the size of the stroke focus according to CT scanning/ magnetic resonance imaging were not detected. Conclusion GLS via STE in patients with a stroke correlates with the severity of a stroke, the severity of LV remodeling, risk factors for cardiovascular events and requires a further study to assess the long-term prognosis Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Patient Demographics, Characteristics, and Intrahospital Mortality of Different Ischemic Stroke Subtypes in a Tertiary Hospital during Five-Year Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Sintija Strautmane ◽  
Kristaps Jurjāns ◽  
Estere Zeltiņa ◽  
Evija Miglāne ◽  
Andrejs Millers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Reperfusion Therapy ◽  
Cardioembolic Stroke ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Stroke Subtypes ◽  
Female Predominance ◽  
Study Population

Background and Objectives. Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of disability, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. The goal of the study was to evaluate patient demographics, characteristics, and intrahospital mortality among different ischemic stroke subtypes. Materials and Methods. A retrospective observational non-randomized study was conducted, including only ischemic stroke patients, admitted to Pauls Stradins Clinical university hospital, Riga, Latvia, from January of 2016 until December 2020. Ischemic stroke subtypes were determined according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria as a stroke due to (1) large-artery atherosclerosis (atherothrombotic stroke (AS)), (2) cardioembolism (cardioembolic stroke (CS)), (3) small-vessel occlusion (lacunar stroke (LS)), (4) stroke of other determined etiology (other specified stroke (OSS)), and (5) stroke of undetermined etiology (undetermined stroke (US)). The data between different stroke subtypes were compared. Results. There was a slight female predominance among our study population, as 2673 (56.2%) patients were females. In our study group, the most common IS subtypes were cardioembolic stroke (CS), 2252 (47.4%), and atherothrombotic stroke (AS), 1304 (27.4%). CS patients were significantly more severely disabled on admission, 1828 (81.4%), and on discharge, 378 (16.8%), p < 0.05. Moreover, patients with CS demonstrated the highest rate of comorbidities and risk factors. This was also statistically significant, p < 0.05. Differences between the total patient count with no atrial fibrillation (AF), paroxysmal AF, permanent AF, and different IS subtypes among our study population demonstrated not only statistical significance but also a strong association, Cramer’s V = 0.53. The majority of patients in our study group were treated conservatively, 3389 (71.3%). Reperfusion therapy was significantly more often performed among CS patients, 770 (34.2%), p < 0.05. The overall intrahospital mortality among our study population was 570 (12.0%), with the highest intrahospital mortality rate noted among CS patients, 378 (66.3%), p < 0.05. No statistically significant difference was observed between acute myocardial infarction and adiposity, p > 0.05. Conclusions. In our study, CS and AS were the most common IS subtypes. CS patients were significantly older with slight female predominance. CS patients demonstrated the greatest disability, risk factors, comorbidities, reperfusion therapy, and intrahospital mortality.

Abstract T P153: Women and Men with Ischemic Stroke in SiGN Have Different Subtype Distributions and Risk Factors

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M Rexrode ◽  
Braxton D Mitchell ◽  
Kathleen A Ryan ◽  
Steven J Kittner ◽  
Hakan Ay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Cardioembolic Stroke ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
Stroke Subtypes ◽  
Small Artery Occlusion ◽  
Ischemic Stroke Risk

Introduction: The relative distribution of stroke risk factors, as well as ischemic stroke subtypes, in women compared with men is not well described. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the distribution of ischemic stroke risk factors and subtypes would differ by sex, with a later onset in women and greater proportion of comorbidities. Methods: The NINDS Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN) consortium was established to evaluate genetic risk factors for ischemic stroke. A total of 23 separate studies performed Causative Classification of Stroke (CCS) typing using standardized criteria on ischemic stroke cases and contributed data on risk factors. We compared the distribution of ischemic stroke risk factors and CCS phenotypes between men and women with ischemic stroke. Results: Of the 16,228 ischemic strokes in SiGN, 8005 (49.3%) occurred in women. Median age at stroke was older in female than male stroke cases (73 vs. 66 years) (p=<0.0001). Among stroke cases, women were more likely than men cases to have hypertension or atrial fibrillation and less likely to have diabetes or coronary artery disease, or to smoke (p <0.003 for all). The distribution of stroke subtypes also differed by sex, with women less likely than men to have large artery infarction and small artery occlusion, and more likely to have cardioembolic stroke and undetermined stroke due to incomplete work-up (p values all <0.0001; see Table). Results were similar when the distribution of stroke subtypes was examined for those <70 years and ≥70 years, except for cardioembolic stroke remaining more common only among women ≥70. Conclusions: In this large group of carefully phenotyped ischemic strokes, the distribution of ischemic stroke subtypes and risk factor profiles differ significantly by sex. Evaluation of the causes of these differences may highlight areas for improved prevention and risk reduction in both genders.

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