New Measures of Teachers’ Work Hours and Implications for Wage Comparisons

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine L. West
Keyword(s):  
High School Teachers ◽  
Special Education Teachers ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Teacher Pay ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
School Year ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Using Data

Researchers have good data on teachers' annual salaries but a hazy understanding of teachers’ hours of work. This makes it difficult to calculate an accurate hourly wage and leads policy makers to default to anecdote rather than fact when debating teacher pay. Using data from the American Time Use Survey, I find that teachers work an average of 34.5 hours per week on an annual basis (38.0 hours per week during the school year and 21.5 hours per week during the summer months). I find that when hours per week are accurately accounted for high school teachers earn in the range of 7–14 percent less than demographically similar workers in other occupations. However, elementary, middle, and special education teachers earn higher wages than demographically similar workers in other occupations.

scholarly journals Cyclical Variation in Labor Hours and Productivity Using the ATUS

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C Burda ◽  
Daniel S Hamermesh ◽  
Jay Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Monthly Variation ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Weekly Work

We examine monthly variation in weekly work hours using data from 2003 to 2010. The data sources include the Current Population Survey (CPS) on hours/worker, the Current Employment Survey (CES) on hours/job, and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) on both. The ATUS data minimize recall difficulties and constrain hours of work to accord with total available time. The ATUS hours/worker are less cyclical than the CPS series, but the hours/job are more cyclical than the CES series. We present alternative estimates of productivity based on ATUS data, and find that it is more pro-cyclical than other productivity measures.

scholarly journals Exploring daily time-use patterns: ATUS-X data extractor and online diary visualization tool

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252843
Author(s):  
Kamila Kolpashnikova ◽  
Sarah Flood ◽  
Oriel Sullivan ◽  
Liana Sayer ◽  
Ekaterina Hertog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Visualization Tool ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Accessibility Barriers ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Daily Time

Time-use data can often be perceived as inaccessible by non-specialists due to their unique format. This article introduces the ATUS-X diary visualization tool that aims to address the accessibility issue and expand the user base of time-use data by providing users with opportunity to quickly visualize their own subsamples of the American Time Use Survey Data Extractor (ATUS-X). Complementing the ATUS-X, the online tool provides an easy point-and-click interface, making data exploration readily accessible in a visual form. The tool can benefit a wider academic audience, policy-makers, non-academic researchers, and journalists by removing accessibility barriers to time use diaries.

Sex-Typed Chores and the City: Gender, Urbanicity, and Housework

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Quadlin ◽  
Long Doan
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Division Of Household Labor ◽  
Urban Men ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Married Individuals ◽  
Structural Demand ◽  
Using Data

How does place structure the gendered division of household labor? Because people’s living spaces and lifestyles differ dramatically across urban, suburban, and rural areas, it follows that time spent on household chores may vary across places. In cities, for example, many households do not have vehicles or lawns, and housing units tend to be relatively small. Urban men’s and women’s time use therefore provides insight into how partners contribute to household chores when there is less structural demand for the types of tasks they typically do. We examine these dynamics using data on heterosexual married individuals from the American Time Use Survey combined with the Current Population Survey. We find that urban men spend relatively little time on male-typed chores, but they spend the same amount of time on female-typed chores as their suburban and rural counterparts. This pattern suggests that urban men do not “step up” their involvement in female-typed tasks even though they contribute little in the way of other housework. In contrast, urbanicity rarely predicts women’s time use, implying that women spend considerable time on household chores regardless of where they live. Implications for research on gender and housework are discussed.

scholarly journals Time Use During the Great Recession

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1664-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aguiar ◽  
Erik Hurst ◽  
Loukas Karabarbounis
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Market Work ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Separable Preferences ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the American Time Use Survey between 2003 and 2010, we document that home production absorbs roughly 30 percent of foregone market work hours at business cycle frequencies. Leisure absorbs roughly 50 percent of foregone market work hours, with sleeping and television watching accounting for most of this increase. We document significant increases in time spent on shopping, child care, education, and health. Job search absorbs between 2 and 6 percent of foregone market work hours. We discuss the implications of our results for business cycle models with home production and non-separable preferences. (JEL D31, E32, J22)

Work time and well-being for workers at home: evidence from the American Time Use Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal ◽  
José Alberto Molina ◽  
Jorge Velilla
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Content Type ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Allocation Decisions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the time-allocation decisions of individuals who work from home (i.e. teleworkers), and compare them with their commuter counterparts. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003–2015, the authors analyze the time spent working, and the timing of work, of both commuters and teleworkers. Findings Results show that teleworkers devote 40 percent less time to market work activities than do commuters, and less than 60 percent of teleworkers work at “regular hours,” vs around 80 percent of their commuter counterparts. Using information from the Well-being Module for the years 2012 and 2013, the authors find that male teleworkers experience lower levels of negative feelings while working than do commuters. Originality/value This paper addresses the timing of work of workers working from home; and the instant well-being experienced, exploiting information at diary level.

scholarly journals Flexplace Work and Partnered Fathers’ Time in Housework and Childcare

2021 ◽  
pp. 1097184X2110149
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Carlson ◽  
Richard J. Petts ◽  
Joanna R. Pepin
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Housework Time ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Using Data

Prior studies that show no association between fathers’ work flexibility and their domestic contributions suffer from measurement limitations and/or the lack of nationally representative data. Using data on fathers in different-sex partnerships (n = 1,956) from the 2017–2018 American Time Use Survey Leave Module, we examine three indicators (use, frequency of use and reason for use) of working from home—a work–family benefit is known as flexplace—and consider whether partners’ employment status moderates the association between flexplace and fathers’ time in domestic labor. Fathers who use flexplace benefits report more routine childcare, regardless of the reason for flexplace use or their partners’ employment status. The association between flexplace use and fathers’ housework time is conditional on their partners’ employment status and fathers’ rationale for working from home.

Applying Generalizability Theory to Optimize Analysis of Spontaneous Teacher Talk in Elementary Classrooms

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1957
Author(s):  
Alexandra Hollo ◽  
Johanna L. Staubitz ◽  
Jason C. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Special Education Teachers ◽  
Generalizability Theory ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Elementary Classrooms ◽  
Teacher Talk ◽  
Group Instruction ◽  
Data Set ◽  
School Year ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Representative Samples

Purpose Although sampling teachers' child-directed speech in school settings is needed to understand the influence of linguistic input on child outcomes, empirical guidance for measurement procedures needed to obtain representative samples is lacking. To optimize resources needed to transcribe, code, and analyze classroom samples, this exploratory study assessed the minimum number and duration of samples needed for a reliable analysis of conventional and researcher-developed measures of teacher talk in elementary classrooms. Method This study applied fully crossed, Person (teacher) × Session (samples obtained on 3 separate occasions) generalizability studies to analyze an extant data set of three 10-min language samples provided by 28 general and special education teachers recorded during large-group instruction across the school year. Subsequently, a series of decision studies estimated of the number and duration of sessions needed to obtain the criterion g coefficient ( g > .70). Results The most stable variables were total number of words and mazes, requiring only a single 10-min sample, two 6-min samples, or three 3-min samples to reach criterion. No measured variables related to content or complexity were adequately stable regardless of number and duration of samples. Conclusions Generalizability studies confirmed that a large proportion of variance was attributable to individuals rather than the sampling occasion when analyzing the amount and fluency of spontaneous teacher talk. In general, conventionally reported outcomes were more stable than researcher-developed codes, which suggests some categories of teacher talk are more context dependent than others and thus require more intensive data collection to measure reliably.

scholarly journals Small firms and the COVID-19 insolvency gap

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Oliver Dörr ◽  
Georg Licht ◽  
Simona Murmann
Keyword(s):  
Financial Distress ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Large Wave ◽  
Using Data

AbstractCOVID-19 placed a special role on fiscal policy in rescuing companies short of liquidity from insolvency. In the first months of the crisis, SMEs as the backbone of Germany’s economy benefited from large and mainly indiscriminate aid measures. Avoiding business failures in a whatever-it-takes fashion contrasts, however, with the cleansing mechanism of economic crises: a mechanism which forces unviable firms out of the market, thereby reallocating resources efficiently. By focusing on firms’ pre-crisis financial standing, we estimate the extent to which the policy response induced an insolvency gap and analyze whether the gap is characterized by firms which were already struggling before the pandemic. With the policy measures being focused on smaller firms, we also examine whether this insolvency gap differs with respect to firm size. Our results show that the COVID-19 policy response in Germany has triggered a backlog of insolvencies that is particularly pronounced among financially weak, small firms, having potential long-term implications on entrepreneurship and economic recovery.Plain English Summary This study analyzes the extent to which the strong policy support to companies in the early phase of the COVID-19 crisis has prevented a large wave of corporate insolvencies. Using data of about 1.5 million German companies, it is shown that it was mainly smaller firms that experienced strong financial distress and would have gone bankrupt without policy assistance. In times of crises, insolvencies usually allow for a reallocation of employees and capital to more efficient firms. However, the analysis reveals that this ‘cleansing effect’ is hampered in the current crisis as the largely indiscriminate granting of liquidity subsidies and the temporary suspension of the duty to file for insolvency have caused an insolvency gap that is driven by firms which were already in a weak financial position before the crisis. Overall, the insolvency gap is estimated to affect around 25,000 companies, a substantial number compared to the around 16,300 actual insolvencies in 2020. In the ongoing crisis, policy makers should prefer instruments favoring entrepreneurs who respond innovatively to the pandemic instead of prolonging the survival of near-insolvent firms.

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