Imaging Cognition: An Empirical Review of PET Studies with Normal Subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Lars Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Selective Perception

We review PET studies of higher-order cognitive processes, including attention (sustained and selective), perception (of objects, faces, and locations), language (word listening, reading, and production), working memory (phonological and visuo-spatial), semantic memory retrieval (intentional and incidental), episodic memory retrieval (verbal and nonverbal), priming, and procedural memory (conditioning and skill learning). For each process, we identify activation patterns including the most consistently involved regions. These regions constitute important components of the network of brain regions that underlie each function.

Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Lars Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Spatial Problem ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Space Motion

Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively used to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive functions. Here we review 275 PET and fMRI studies of attention (sustained, selective, Stroop, orientation, divided), perception (object, face, space/motion, smell), imagery (object, space/ motion), language (written/spoken word recognition, spoken/ no spoken response), working memory (verbal/numeric, object, spatial, problem solving), semantic memory retrieval (categorization, generation), episodic memory encoding (verbal, object, spatial), episodic memory retrieval (verbal, nonverbal, success, effort, mode, context), priming (perceptual, conceptual), and procedural memory (conditioning, motor, and nonmotor skill learning). To identify consistent activation patterns associated with these cognitive operations, data from 412 contrasts were summarized at the level of cortical Brodmann's areas, insula, thalamus, medial-temporal lobe (including hippocampus), basal ganglia, and cerebellum. For perception and imagery, activation patterns included primary and secondary regions in the dorsal and ventral pathways. For attention and working memory, activations were usually found in prefrontal and parietal regions. For language and semantic memory retrieval, typical regions included left prefrontal and temporal regions. For episodic memory encoding, consistently activated regions included left prefrontal and medial-temporal regions. For episodic memory retrieval, activation patterns included prefrontal, medial-temporal, and posterior midline regions. For priming, deactivations in prefrontal (conceptual) or extrastriate (perceptual) regions were consistently seen. For procedural memory, activations were found in motor as well as in non-motor brain areas. Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges. These observations are discussed in relation to functional specialization as well as functional integration.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW ON “MEMORY DYSFUNCTION, TYPES OF MEMORY, AND ITS CLINICAL DISORDERS”

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Jaysing Bhor
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Memory Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Disorders

ABSTRACTAll things considered, memory debilitation is ordinarily seen by doctors in different controls including neurology, psychiatry, pharmaceutical, andsurgery. Memory misfortune is frequently the most crippling element of numerous disarranges, hindering the typical every day exercises of thepatients, and significantly influencing their families. A few recognitions about memory, for example, the ideas of “short term” and “long haul” haveoffered route to a more refined understanding and enhanced order frameworks. These progressions result from neuropsychological investigationsof patients with central mind injuries, neuroanatomical studies in people and creatures, tests in creatures, positron-discharge tomography, usefulattractive reverberation imaging, and possibilities. Memory is presently comprehended to be a gathering of mental capacities that rely on a fewframeworks inside the cerebrum. In this article, we will talk about the accompanying four memory frameworks that are of clinical significance: Wordymemory, semantic memory, procedural memory, and working memory. Memory frameworks can be isolated into those that are definitive and thosethat are non-decisive. Revelatory or express memory will be memory for occasions that can be deliberately reviewed. Non-definitive or verifiablememory, by correlation, is memory that is communicated as an adjustment in conduct and is regularly oblivious.Keywords: Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Working memory, Agnosia, Brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Wernicke–Korsakoff’s Syndrome.

Similarities and Differences in the Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory Retrieval and Working Memory

NeuroImage ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Florin Dolcos ◽  
Reiko Graham ◽  
Lars Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Similarities And Differences

scholarly journals Right Amygdalar and Temporofrontal Activation During Autobiographic, But Not During Fictitious Memory Retrieval

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Markowitsch ◽  
Alexander Thiel ◽  
Mechthild Reinkemeier ◽  
Josef Kessler ◽  
Adem Koyuncu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Affective Arousal ◽  
Significant Life ◽  
Uncinate Fascicle ◽  
The Right

What distinguishes the recall of real-life experiences from that of self-created, fictitious emotionally laden information? Both kinds of information belong to the episodic memory system. Autobiographic memories constitute that part of the episodic memory system that is composed of significant life episodes, primarily of the distant past. Functional imaging was used to study the neural networks engaged in retrieving autobiographic and fictitious information of closely similar content. The principally activated brain regions overlapped considerably and constituted temporal and inferior prefrontal regions plus the cerebellum. Selective activations of the right amygdala and the right ventral prefrontal cortex (at the level of the uncinate fascicle interconnnecting prefrontal and temporopolar areas) were found when subtracting fictitious from autobiographic retrieval. Furthermore, distinct foci in the left temporal lobe were engaged. These data demonstrate that autobiographic memory retrieval uses (at least in non-brain damaged individuals) a network of right hemispheric ventral prefrontal and temporopolar regions and left hemispheric lateral temporal regions. It is concluded that it is the experiential character, its special emotional infiltration and its arousal which distinguishes memory of real-life from that of fictitious episodes. Consequently, our results point to the engagement of a bi-hemispheric network in which the right temporo-prefrontal hemisphere is likely to be responsible for the affective/arousal side of information retrieval and the left-hemispheric temporal gyrus for its engram-like representation. Portions of the neural activation found during retrieval might, however, reflect re-encoding processes as well.

scholarly journals Distinct neural mechanisms underlie the success, precision, and vividness of episodic memory

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska R Richter ◽  
Rose A Cooper ◽  
Paul M Bays ◽  
Jon S Simons
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Continuous Scale ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Object Features ◽  
Continuous Measures ◽  
Made In

A network of brain regions have been linked with episodic memory retrieval, but limited progress has been made in identifying the contributions of distinct parts of the network. Here, we utilized continuous measures of retrieval to dissociate three components of episodic memory: retrieval success, precision, and vividness. In the fMRI scanner, participants encoded objects that varied continuously on three features: color, orientation, and location. Participants’ memory was tested by having them recreate the appearance of the object features using a continuous dial, and continuous vividness judgments were recorded. Retrieval success, precision, and vividness were dissociable both behaviorally and neurally: successful versus unsuccessful retrieval was associated with hippocampal activity, retrieval precision scaled with activity in the angular gyrus, and vividness judgments tracked activity in the precuneus. The ability to dissociate these components of episodic memory reveals the benefit afforded by measuring memory on a continuous scale, allowing functional parcellation of the retrieval network.

scholarly journals The neural dynamics of novel scene imagery

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel N. Barry ◽  
Gareth R. Barnes ◽  
Ian A. Clark ◽  
Eleanor A. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Crucial Component

AbstractRetrieval of long-term episodic memories is characterised by synchronised neural activity between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), with additional evidence that vmPFC activity leads that of the hippocampus. It has been proposed that the mental generation of scene imagery is a crucial component of episodic memory processing. If this is the case, then a comparable interaction between the two brain regions should exist during the construction of novel scene imagery. To address this question, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the construction of novel mental imagery. We tasked male and female humans with imagining scenes and single isolated objects in response to one-word cues. We performed source level power, coherence and causality analyses to characterise the underlying inter-regional interactions. Both scene and object imagination resulted in theta power changes in the anterior hippocampus. However, higher theta coherence was observed between the hippocampus and vmPFC in the scene compared to the object condition. This inter-regional theta coherence also predicted whether or not imagined scenes were subsequently remembered. Dynamic causal modelling of this interaction revealed that vmPFC drove activity in hippocampus during novel scene construction. Additionally, theta power changes in the vmPFC preceded those observed in the hippocampus. These results constitute the first evidence in humans that episodic memory retrieval and scene imagination rely on similar vmPFC-hippocampus neural dynamics. Furthermore, they provide support for theories emphasising similarities between both cognitive processes, and perspectives that propose the vmPFC guides the construction of context-relevant representations in the hippocampus.Significance statementEpisodic memory retrieval is characterised by a dialogue between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). It has been proposed that the mental generation of scene imagery is a crucial component of episodic memory processing. An ensuing prediction would be of a comparable interaction between the two brain regions during the construction of novel scene imagery. Here, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG), and combined it with a scene imagination task. We found that a hippocampal-vmPFC dialogue existed, and that it took the form of vmPFC driving the hippocampus. We conclude that episodic memory and scene imagination share fundamental neural dynamics, and the process of constructing vivid, spatially coherent, contextually appropriate scene imagery is strongly modulated by vmPFC.

The Precuneus is a Major Player in a Network of Distributed Brain Regions in Episodic Memory Retrieval

NeuroImage ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. S828 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Krause ◽  
D. Schmidt ◽  
F.M. Mottaghy ◽  
J. Taylor ◽  
U. Halsband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Major Player

scholarly journals Direct brain recordings identify hippocampal and cortical networks that distinguish successful versus failed episodic memory retrieval

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Joseph Tan ◽  
Michael D. Rugg ◽  
Bradley C. Lega
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Left Angular Gyrus

AbstractHuman data collected using noninvasive imaging techniques have established the importance of parietal regions towards episodic memory retrieval, including the angular gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex. Such regions comprise part of a putative core episodic retrieval network. In free recall, comparisons between contextually appropriate and inappropriate recall events (i.e. prior list intrusions) provide the opportunity to study memory retrieval networks supporting veridical recall, and existing findings predict that differences in electrical activity in these brain regions should be identified according to the accuracy of recall. However, prior iEEG studies, utilizing principally subdural grid electrodes, have not fully characterized brain activity in parietal regions during memory retrieval and have not examined connectivity between core recollection areas and the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Here, we employed a data set obtained from 100 human patients implanted with stereo EEG electrodes for seizure mapping purposes as they performed a free recall task. This data set allowed us to separately analyze activity in midline versus lateral parietal brain regions, and in anterior versus posterior hippocampus, to identify areas in which retrieval–related activity predicted the recollection of a correct versus an incorrect memory. With the wide coverage afforded by the stereo EEG approach, we were also able to examine interregional connectivity. Our key findings were that differences in gamma band activity in the angular gyrus, precuneus, posterior temporal cortex, and posterior (more than anterior) hippocampus discriminated accurate versus inaccurate recall as well as active retrieval versus memory search. The left angular gyrus exhibited a significant power decrease preceding list intrusions as well as unique phase-amplitude coupling properties, whereas the prefrontal cortex was unique in exhibiting a power increase during list intrusions. Analysis of connectivity revealed significant hemispheric asymmetry, with relatively sparse left– sided functional connections compared to the right hemisphere. One exception to this finding was elevated connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and left angular gyrus. This finding is interpreted as evidence for the engagement of prefrontal cortex in memory monitoring and mnemonic decision–making.

Commonalities and differences in activation patterns of brain regions engaged in episodic encoding and working memory in elderly subjects

NeuroImage ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. S364
Author(s):  
Bernd Joachim Krause ◽  
Daniela Schmidt ◽  
Hubertus Hautzel ◽  
Hans Herzog ◽  
Hans-Wilhelm Müller-Gärtner
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Episodic Encoding

Impairments of Working Memory for Object-Location Associations in Depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 590 ◽  
pp. 828-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Fei Liu ◽  
Mi Li ◽  
Sheng Fu Lu ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Object Location ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Retrieval Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Emotional Pictures ◽  
And Control

In this paper, we investigated the working memory for object-location associations of 11 depressions when they induced by different emotional pictures (positive, neutral and negative), and compared with a control group of 14 normal subjects. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the correct rate of associative memory between depression and control group (P > 0.05), however, there was significant difference in the memory retrieval time (P < 0.05), which suggest that the memory retrieval needs more time resources. These results indicate that depression has a normal memory encoding network, but an abnormal memory retrieval network for object-location associations.

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