Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Lars Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Spatial Problem ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Space Motion

Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively used to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive functions. Here we review 275 PET and fMRI studies of attention (sustained, selective, Stroop, orientation, divided), perception (object, face, space/motion, smell), imagery (object, space/ motion), language (written/spoken word recognition, spoken/ no spoken response), working memory (verbal/numeric, object, spatial, problem solving), semantic memory retrieval (categorization, generation), episodic memory encoding (verbal, object, spatial), episodic memory retrieval (verbal, nonverbal, success, effort, mode, context), priming (perceptual, conceptual), and procedural memory (conditioning, motor, and nonmotor skill learning). To identify consistent activation patterns associated with these cognitive operations, data from 412 contrasts were summarized at the level of cortical Brodmann's areas, insula, thalamus, medial-temporal lobe (including hippocampus), basal ganglia, and cerebellum. For perception and imagery, activation patterns included primary and secondary regions in the dorsal and ventral pathways. For attention and working memory, activations were usually found in prefrontal and parietal regions. For language and semantic memory retrieval, typical regions included left prefrontal and temporal regions. For episodic memory encoding, consistently activated regions included left prefrontal and medial-temporal regions. For episodic memory retrieval, activation patterns included prefrontal, medial-temporal, and posterior midline regions. For priming, deactivations in prefrontal (conceptual) or extrastriate (perceptual) regions were consistently seen. For procedural memory, activations were found in motor as well as in non-motor brain areas. Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges. These observations are discussed in relation to functional specialization as well as functional integration.

Imaging Cognition: An Empirical Review of PET Studies with Normal Subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Lars Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Selective Perception

We review PET studies of higher-order cognitive processes, including attention (sustained and selective), perception (of objects, faces, and locations), language (word listening, reading, and production), working memory (phonological and visuo-spatial), semantic memory retrieval (intentional and incidental), episodic memory retrieval (verbal and nonverbal), priming, and procedural memory (conditioning and skill learning). For each process, we identify activation patterns including the most consistently involved regions. These regions constitute important components of the network of brain regions that underlie each function.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW ON “MEMORY DYSFUNCTION, TYPES OF MEMORY, AND ITS CLINICAL DISORDERS”

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Jaysing Bhor
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Memory Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Disorders

ABSTRACTAll things considered, memory debilitation is ordinarily seen by doctors in different controls including neurology, psychiatry, pharmaceutical, andsurgery. Memory misfortune is frequently the most crippling element of numerous disarranges, hindering the typical every day exercises of thepatients, and significantly influencing their families. A few recognitions about memory, for example, the ideas of “short term” and “long haul” haveoffered route to a more refined understanding and enhanced order frameworks. These progressions result from neuropsychological investigationsof patients with central mind injuries, neuroanatomical studies in people and creatures, tests in creatures, positron-discharge tomography, usefulattractive reverberation imaging, and possibilities. Memory is presently comprehended to be a gathering of mental capacities that rely on a fewframeworks inside the cerebrum. In this article, we will talk about the accompanying four memory frameworks that are of clinical significance: Wordymemory, semantic memory, procedural memory, and working memory. Memory frameworks can be isolated into those that are definitive and thosethat are non-decisive. Revelatory or express memory will be memory for occasions that can be deliberately reviewed. Non-definitive or verifiablememory, by correlation, is memory that is communicated as an adjustment in conduct and is regularly oblivious.Keywords: Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Working memory, Agnosia, Brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Wernicke–Korsakoff’s Syndrome.

scholarly journals The neuropsychology of emerging psychosis and the role of working memory in episodic memory encoding

2018 ◽  
Vol Volume 11 ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon O Pflueger ◽  
Pasquale Calabrese ◽  
Erich Studerus ◽  
Ronan Zimmermann ◽  
Ute Gschwandtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Encoding

Concrete and Abstract Information in Semantic and Episodic Memory

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Wippich
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Dual Code ◽  
Verbal Code ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Concrete Words ◽  
Concrete Target

In the present study abstract or concrete target nouns had to be retrieved from semantic memory within 1 min. after the definitions of the nouns had been presented to subjects (Brown and McNeill's paradigm). Following the definition session 22 subjects were unexpectedly asked to recall the target nouns from episodic memory. Semantic memory as well as episodic memory retrieval was better for concrete than for abstract nouns. These results could not be explained in terms of a higher adequacy of definitions for the concrete words. The results seem to support those theories of memory which postulate a dual-code representation of information, especially a verbal code and an imagery code.

Individual Differences in Value-Directed Remembering

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake L. Elliott ◽  
Samuel M. McClure ◽  
Gene Arnold Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Capacity Limits

Prioritized encoding and retrieval of valuable information is an essential component of human memory due to capacity limits. Individual differences in value-directed encoding may derive from variability in stimulus valuation, memory encoding, or from strategic abilities related to maintenance in working memory. We collected multiple cognitive ability measures to test whether variation in episodic memory, working memory capacity, or both predict differences in value-directed remembering among a large sample of participants (n=205). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was used to assess the contributions of episodic and working memory to value sensitivity in value-directed remembering tasks. Episodic memory ability, but not working memory capacity, was predictive of value-directed remembering. These results suggest that cognitive processes may be differentially related to value-based memory encoding.

New Contemplation Upon Subjective Memory Complaints as a Self-Report Criterion for MCI Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merav Papirovitz ◽  
Ariela Gigi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Subjective Memory Complaints ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Memory Complaints ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Subjective memory complaints are a key component in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis. However, studies that examined memory awareness among MCI participants have published contradictory results. One possible explanation for the inconsistent findings could be the disregard from the multidimensional structure of subjective memory. Objectives: The present study is directed at assessing subjective memory among healthy and MCI participants, referring to three main types of memory: episodic, semantic, and working memory. Method: Participants were 123 adults (aged 50-90). They were divided into two groups, the MCI group, and the control group, according to their objective cognitive performance in RAVL or Mo- CA tests. All participants filled a subjective memory questionnaire, assessing their awareness of episodic, semantic, and working memory. Results: MCI participants estimated their semantic memory as significantly lower in comparison to the estimation of the healthy controls. By contrast, MCI participants showed an overestimation of their episodic memory capabilities compared to the control group. No significant difference was found between groups (MCI and healthy controls) in evaluating their working memory. In addi- tion, for both groups, Pearson’s correlation revealed a significant negative correlation between age and semantic memory evaluation. Such correlation was not found for subjective episodic memory. Discussion: Findings suggest that while people with MCI exhibit poor awareness of their episodic and working memory capabilities, their awareness of their decrease in semantic memory is appar- ently intact. Therefore, it is suggested that when using the self-report criterion for MCI diagnosis, clinicians should consider the patient’s’ semantic memory complaints.

Memory and Belief

2016 ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Jonathan Leicester
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Knowledge Source ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Nondeclarative Memory

Many beliefs depend on memories, and memories can be unreliable. This chapter deals briefly with the anatomy and physiology of memory, and defines the different kinds of memory _ long-term or declarative memory, which includes episodic or autobiographical memory, and semantic memory or memory of learned knowledge, source memory, procedural memory, working memory, and implicit, tacit or nondeclarative memory. Special attention is given to working memory and tacit memory, because they are important, and will be unfamiliar to some readers.

Similarities and Differences in the Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory Retrieval and Working Memory

NeuroImage ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Florin Dolcos ◽  
Reiko Graham ◽  
Lars Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Similarities And Differences

scholarly journals Effects of semantic relatedness on recall of stimuli preceding emotional oddballs

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
RYAN M. SMITH ◽  
DAVID Q. BEVERSDORF
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Interconnected Systems ◽  
Memory Encoding

Semantic and episodic memory networks function as highly interconnected systems, both relying on the hippocampal/medial temporal lobe complex (HC/MTL). Episodic memory encoding triggers the retrieval of semantic information, serving to incorporate contextual relationships between the newly acquired memory and existing semantic representations. While emotional material augments episodic memory encoding at the time of stimulus presentation, interactions between emotion and semantic memory that contribute to subsequent episodic recall are not well understood. Using a modified oddball task, we examined the modulatory effects of negative emotion on semantic interactions with episodic memory by measuring the free-recall of serially presented neutral or negative words varying in semantic relatedness. We found increased free-recall for words related to and preceding emotionally negative oddballs, suggesting that negative emotion can indirectly facilitate episodic free-recall by enhancing semantic contributions during encoding. Our findings demonstrate the ability of emotion and semantic memory to interact to mutually enhance free-recall. (JINS, 2008, 14, 620–628.)

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