scholarly journals Musician Children Detect Pitch Violations in Both Music and Language Better than Nonmusician Children: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Approaches

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrille Magne ◽  
Daniele Schön ◽  
Mireille Besson
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Pitch Processing ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Music And Language ◽  
The Media ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Better Than

The idea that extensive musical training can influence processing in cognitive domains other than music has received considerable attention from the educational system and the media. Here we analyzed behavioral data and recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) from 8-year-old children to test the hypothesis that musical training facilitates pitch processing not only in music but also in language. We used a parametric manipulation of pitch so that the final notes or words of musical phrases or sentences were congruous, weakly incongruous, or strongly incongruous. Musician children outperformed nonmusician children in the detection of the weak incongruity in both music and language. Moreover, the greatest differences in the ERPs of musician and nonmusician children were also found for the weak incongruity: whereas for musician children, early negative components developed in music and late positive components in language, no such components were found for nonmusician children. Finally, comparison of these results with previous ones from adults suggests that some aspects of pitch processing are in effect earlier in music than in language. Thus, the present results reveal positive transfer effects between cognitive domains and shed light on the time course and neural basis of the development of prosodic and melodic processing.

scholarly journals Musicians Detect Pitch Violation in a Foreign Language Better Than Nonmusicians: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1453-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Marques ◽  
Sylvain Moreno ◽  
São Luís Castro ◽  
Mireille Besson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Acoustic Parameter ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Pitch Processing ◽  
Speech Prosody ◽  
Musical Expertise ◽  
Prosodic Cues ◽  
Music And Language ◽  
Better Than

The aim of this study was to determine whether musical expertise influences the detection of pitch variations in a foreign language that participants did not understand. To this end, French adults, musicians and nonmusicians, were presented with sentences spoken in Portuguese. The final words of the sentences were prosodically congruous (spoken at normal pitch height) or incongruous (pitch was increased by 35% or 120%). Results showed that when the pitch deviations were small and difficult to detect (35%: weak prosodic incongruities), the level of performance was higher for musicians than for nonmusicians. Moreover, analysis of the time course of pitch processing, as revealed by the event-related brain potentials to the prosodically congruous and incongruous sentence-final words, showed that musicians were, on average, 300 msec faster than nonmusicians to categorize prosodically congruous and incongruous endings. These results are in line with previous ones showing that musical expertise, by increasing discrimination of pitch—a basic acoustic parameter equally important for music and speech prosody—does facilitate the processing of pitch variations not only in music but also in language. Finally, comparison with previous results [Schön, D., Magne, C., & Besson, M. The music of speech: Music training facilitates pitch processing in both music and language. Psychophysiology, 41, 341–349, 2004] points to the influence of semantics on the perception of acoustic prosodic cues.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA BIG BOOK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PECAHAN SENILAI SISWA SD

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Disyacitta Neolia Firdana ◽  
Trimurtini Trimurtini
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Equivalent Fractions ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Teacher Needs ◽  
The Media ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Better Than

This research aimed to determine the properness and effectiveness of the big book media on learning equivalent fractions of fourth grade students. The method of research is Research and Development  (R&D). This study was conducted in fourth grade of SDN Karanganyar 02 Kota Semarang. Data sources from media validation, material validation, learning outcomes, and teacher and students responses on developed media. Pre-experimental research design with one group pretest-posttest design. Big book developed consist of equivalent fractions material, students learning activities sheets with rectangle and circle shape pictures, and questions about equivalent fractions. Big book was developed based on students and teacher needs. This big book fulfill the media validity of 3,75 with very good criteria and scored 3 by material experts with good criteria. In large-scale trial, the result of students posttest have learning outcomes completness 82,14%. The result of N-gain calculation with result 0,55 indicates the criterion “medium”. The t-test result 9,6320 > 2,0484 which means the average of posttest outcomes is better than the average of pretest outcomes. Based on that data, this study has produced big book media which proper and effective as a media of learning equivalent fractions of fourth grade elementary school.

Distinct and Shared Neural Basis Underlying Music and Language: A Perspective from Meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han LAI ◽  
Miao XU ◽  
Yiying SONG ◽  
Jia LIU
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Music And Language

8. Infrared Reflectography of Edward Hopper’s High Noon: Questions of Authentication

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian E. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Early American ◽  
Edward Hopper ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
The Media ◽  
Catalogue Raisonne ◽  
Infrared Reflectography ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Ir Reflectography ◽  
High Noon

An unprovenanced oil study, purportedly by the early American realist Edward Hopper (188* -1967), was purchased in 2007 on eBay by a pair of brothers from Ontario. It is a smaller, poorly-executed near-copy of Hopper’s High Noon at the Dayton Art Institute. Given that detailed diary entries by Hopper’s wife, Josephine, note only that four charcoal sketches preceded the final version of High Noon, and fail to mention an oil study, Gail Levin, the author of Hopper’s catalogue raisonné, has conservatively concluded that it can at best be assigned to a dedicated follower. Can Infrared Reflectography of the two paintings shed light on the question of authenticity? Many pigments used by Hopper become transparent in the Near Infrared spectrum, a fact verified by a test-panel. By using a DSLR camera, converted to detect IR, charcoal sketches on the primed canvas of the original were revealed. While IR Reflectography reveals earlier stages in the composition of the authentic High Noon, stages suggested by the charcoal sketches, IR does not provide positive proof for the authenticity of the oil sketch. The issue of authenticity became further complicated when the media, led by the Globe and Mail, took up the case of the owners and overstated the IR results. At present the IR investigation suggests only that the oil study was painted by a follower working from either Josephine’s diary or, more intriguingly, from Hopper’s own sketches, which are held in a private collection.

Neural responses to simple simulated echoes in the auditory brain stem of the unanesthetized rabbit

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2469-2486 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Fitzpatrick ◽  
S. Kuwada ◽  
R. Batra ◽  
C. Trahiotis
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Superior Olivary Complex ◽  
Precedence Effect ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Unanesthetized Rabbit ◽  
Echo Threshold ◽  
Time Required

1. In most natural environments, sound waves from a single source will reach a listener through both direct and reflected paths. Sound traveling the direct path arrives first, and determines the perceived location of the source despite the presence of reflections from many different locations. This phenomenon is called the "law of the first wavefront" or "precedence effect." The time at which the reflection is first perceived as a separately localizable sound defines the end of the precedence window and is called "echo threshold." The precedence effect represents an important property of the auditory system, the neural basis for which has only recently begun to be examined. Here we report the responses of single neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) and superior olivary complex (SOC) of the unanesthetized rabbit to a sound and its simulated reflection. 2. Stimuli were pairs of monaural or binaural clicks delivered through earphones. The leading click, or conditioner, simulated a direct sound, and the lagging click, or probe, simulated a reflection. Interaural time differences (ITDs) were introduced in the binaural conditioners and probes to adjust their simulated locations. The probe was always set at the neuron's best ITD, whereas the conditioner was set at the neuron's best ITD or its worst ITD. To measure the time course of the effects of the conditioner on the probe, we examined the response to the probe as a function of the conditioner-probe interval (CPI). 3. When IC neurons were tested with conditioners and probes set at the neuron's best ITD, the response to the probe as a function of CPI had one of two forms: early-low or early-high. In early-low neurons the response to the probe was initially suppressed but recovered monotonically at longer CPIs. Early-high neurons showed a nonmonotonic recovery pattern. In these neurons the maximal suppression did not occur at the shortest CPIs, but rather after a period of less suppression. Beyond this point, recovery was similar to that of early-low neurons. The presence of early-high neurons meant that the overall population was never entirely suppressed, even at short CPIs. Taken as a whole. CPIs for 50% recovery of the response to the probe among neurons ranged from 1 to 64 ms with a median of approximately 6 ms. 4. The above results are consistent with the time course of the precedence effect for the following reasons. 1) The lack of complete suppression at any CPI is compatible with behavioral results that show the presence of a probe can be detected even at short CPIs when it is not separately localizable. 2) At a CPI corresponding to echo threshold for human listeners (approximately 4 ms CPI) there was a considerable response to the probe, consistent with it being heard as a separately localizable sound at this CPI. 3) Full recovery for all neurons required a period much longer than that associated with the precedence effect. This is consistent with the relatively long time required for conditioners and probes to be heard with equal loudness. 5. Conditioners with either the best ITD or worst ITD were used to determine the effect of ITD on the response to the probe. The relative amounts of suppression caused by the two ITDs varied among neurons. Some neurons were suppressed about equally by both types of conditioners, others were suppressed more by a conditioner with the best ITD, and still others by a conditioner with the worst ITD. Because the best ITD and worst ITD presumably activate different pathways, these results suggest that different neurons receive a different balance of inhibition from different sources. 6. The recovery functions of neurons not sensitive to ITDs were similar to those of ITD-sensitive, neurons. This suggests that the time course of suppression may be common among different IC populations. 7. We also studied neurons in the SOC. Although many showed binaural interactions, none were sensitive to ITDs. Thus the response of this population may not be

scholarly journals Similar levels of emotional contagion in male and female rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Han ◽  
Bo Sichterman ◽  
Maria Carrillo ◽  
Valeria Gazzola ◽  
Christian Keysers
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Danger Detection ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractEmotional contagion, the ability to feel what other individuals feel, is thought to be an important element of social life. In humans, emotional contagion has been shown to be stronger in women than men. Emotional contagion has been shown to exist also in rodents, and a growing number of studies explore the neural basis of emotional contagion in male rats and mice. These studies promise to shed light on the mechanisms that might go astray in psychiatric disorders characterized by dysfunctions of emotional contagion and empathy. Here we explore whether there are sex differences in emotional contagion in rats. We use an established paradigm in which a demonstrator rat receives footshocks while freezing is measured in both the demonstrator and an observer rat, which can hear, smell and see each other. By comparing pairs of male rats with pairs of female rats, we find (i) that female demonstrators freeze less when submitted to footshocks, but that (ii) the emotional contagion response, i.e. the degree of influence across the rats, does not depend on the sex of the rats. This was true whether emotional contagion was quantified based on the slope of a regression linking demonstrator and observer average freezing, or on Granger causality estimates of moment-to-moment freezing. The lack of sex differences in emotional contagion is compatible with an interpretation of emotional contagion as serving selfish danger detection.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF Chrysomya albiceps WIEDEMANN, 1819 (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) AND Musca domestica LINNAEUS, 1758 (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) REARED TOGETHER IN PIG TISSUES.

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Cíntia De Campos Chaves ◽  
Manuela Campos ,Ferreira ◽  
Júlio Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Forensic Entomology ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Chrysomya Albiceps ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Successful Colonization ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Better Than

Chysomya albiceps and Musca domestica are important for forensic entomology, and human and animal health. This study analyzed the effects of the coexistence of C. albiceps and M. domestica reared in four different assays in two pig tissues, brain and intestine: assay 1, interaction between the larvae of the same age; assay 2, interaction between larvae of C. albiceps 24 hours older than larvae of M. domestica; assay 3, interaction between larvae of M. domestica 24 hours older than the larvae of C. albiceps; assay 4, larvae of both species were reared together in flasks with a small supply of food. Weight of larvae, growth time and imago emergence frequency were studied. C. albiceps responded better than M. domestica under most conditionstested. Larvae of C. albiceps responded better in mixed cultures (together with M. domestica) than in pure cultures (larvae of the same species). In contrast, M. domestica responded better when reared in pure cultures. Both species presented shorter growth times when their larvae were reared in intestine tissue with larvae 24 hours younger than the larvae of the concurrent species, compared to their respective growth times in pure cultures. The results confirmed that trophic interactions are relevant to the successful colonization of carrion by C. albiceps. Coexistence of the two species may result in changes in values of their biological components. The results also help to shed light on the biology of the two species in carrion.

scholarly journals Early changes in corticomotor excitability underlie proactive inhibitory control of error correction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja Rodriguez Herreros ◽  
Julia L Amengual ◽  
Jimena Lucrecia Vazquez-Anguiano ◽  
Silvio Ionta ◽  
Carlo Miniussi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanism ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Corticomotor Excitability ◽  
Control Of Error

Converging evidence indicates that response inhibition may arise from the interaction of effortful proactive and reflexive reactive mechanisms. However, the distinction between the neural basis sustaining proactive and reactive inhibitory processes is still unclear. To identify reliable neural markers of proactive inhibition, we examined the behavioral and electrophysiological correlates elicited by manipulating the degree of inhibitory control in a task that involved the detection and amendment of errors. Restraining or encouraging the correction of errors did not affect the time course of the behavioral and neural correlates associated to reactive inhibition. We rather found that a bilateral and sustained decrease of corticomotor excitability was required for an effective proactive inhibitory control, whereas selective strategies were associated with defective response suppression. Our results provide behavioral and electrophysiological conclusive evidence of a comprehensive proactive inhibitory mechanism, with a distinctive underlying neural basis, governing the commission and amendment of errors. Together, these findings hint at a decisive role for changes in corticomotor excitability in determining whether an action will be successfully suppressed.

scholarly journals Where the action could be: Speakers look at graspable objects and meaningful scene regions when describing potential actions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn L Rehrig ◽  
Candace Elise Peacock ◽  
Taylor Hayes ◽  
Fernanda Ferreira ◽  
John M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Real World ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Better Than

The world is visually complex, yet we can efficiently describe it by extracting the information that is most relevant to convey. How do the properties of real-world scenes help us decide where to look and what to say? Image salience has been the dominant explanation for what drives visual attention and production as we describe displays, but new evidence shows scene meaning predicts attention better than image salience. Here we investigated the relevance of one aspect of meaning, graspability (the grasping interactions objects in the scene afford), given that affordances have been implicated in both visual and linguistic processing. We quantified image salience, meaning, and graspability for real-world scenes. In three eyetracking experiments, native English speakers described possible actions that could be carried out in a scene. We hypothesized that graspability would preferentially guide attention due to its task-relevance. In two experiments using stimuli from a previous study, meaning explained visual attention better than graspability or salience did, and graspability explained attention better than salience. In a third experiment we quantified image salience, meaning, graspability, and reach-weighted graspability for scenes that depicted reachable spaces containing graspable objects. Graspability and meaning explained attention equally well in the third experiment, and both explained attention better than salience. We conclude that speakers use object graspability to allocate attention to plan descriptions when scenes depict graspable objects within reach, and otherwise rely more on general meaning. The results shed light on what aspects of meaning guide attention during scene viewing in language production tasks.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document