scholarly journals Is the Error-related Negativity Amplitude Related to Error Detectability? Evidence from Effects of Different Error Types

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2263-2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Maier ◽  
Marco Steinhauser ◽  
Ronald Hübner
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Erroneous Response ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Error Types

The present study tested error detection theories of the error-related negativity (ERN) by investigating the relation between ERN amplitude and error detectability. To this end, ERN amplitudes were compared with a behavioral measure of error detectability across two different error types in a four-choice flanker task. If an erroneous response was associated with the flankers, it was considered a flanker error, otherwise it was considered a nonflanker error. Two experiments revealed that, whereas detectability was better for nonflanker errors than for flanker errors, ERN amplitudes were larger for flanker errors than for nonflanker errors. Moreover, undetected errors led to strongly reduced ERN amplitudes relative to detected errors. These results suggest that, although error detection is necessary for an ERN to occur, the ERN amplitude is not related to error detectability but rather to error significance.

Localizing evoked cortical activity associated with balance reactions: does the anterior cingulate play a role?

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 2634-2643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Marlin ◽  
George Mochizuki ◽  
William R. Staines ◽  
William E. McIlroy
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Localized Source ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Mean

The ability to correct balance disturbances is essential for the maintenance of upright stability. Although information about how the central nervous system controls balance reactions in humans remains limited, recent literature highlights a potentially important role for the cerebral cortex. The objective of this study was to determine the neural source of the well-reported balance-evoked N1 response. It was hypothesized that the N1 is associated with an “error-detection” event in response to the induced perturbation and therefore may be associated with activity within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The localized source of the N1 evoked by perturbations to standing balance was compared, within each participant, to the location of an error-related negativity (ERN) known to occur within the ACC while performing a flanker task. In contrast to the main hypotheses, the results revealed that the location of the N1 was not within the ACC. The mean Talairach coordinates for the ERN were (6.47, −4.41, 41.17) mm, corresponding to the cingulate gyrus [Brodmann area (BA) 24], as expected. However, coordinates for the N1 dipole were (5.74, −11.81, 53.73) mm, corresponding to the medial frontal gyrus (BA 6), specifically the supplementary motor area. This may suggest the N1 is linked to the planning and execution of elements of the evoked balance reactions rather than being associated with error or event detection. Alternatively, it is possible that the N1 is associated with variation in the cortical representation due to task-specific differences in the activation of a distributed network of error-related processing. Subsequent work should focus on disentangling these two possible explanations as they relate to the cortical processing linked to reactive balance control.

Monitoring of Internal and External Error Signals

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Christine Ehlis ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Achim Bernhard ◽  
Andreas J. Fallgatter
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Negative Response ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Error Positivity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Conscious Processing ◽  
Response Feedback

Abstract: In the present study, a modified version of the Eriksen Flanker Task has been used to study event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by correct responses, response errors, and invalid negative response feedback following correct button presses (“PC-error trials”). Conventional error potentials (error related negativity [ERN/Ne]; error-positivity [Pe]) were observed after incorrect button presses but not following negative response feedback in PC-error trials. Furthermore, a late positive deflection occurred specifically after PC-errors (Late positivity [PL]), which might reflect a conscious processing of these unexpected events. The results imply some restrictions for the notion that the ERN/Ne reflects the activity of a general and “generic” neural error-detection system in the human brain. Furthermore, the existence of an “event-detection system” is indicated, which might be involved in the processing of events that violate learned expectations.

Preserving Integrity in the Face of Performance Threat

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1455-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Legault ◽  
Timour Al-Khindi ◽  
Michael Inzlicht
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Self-affirmation produces large effects: Even a simple reminder of one’s core values reduces defensiveness against threatening information. But how, exactly, does self-affirmation work? We explored this question by examining the impact of self-affirmation on neurophysiological responses to threatening events. We hypothesized that because self-affirmation increases openness to threat and enhances approachability of unfavorable feedback, it should augment attention and emotional receptivity to performance errors. We further hypothesized that this augmentation could be assessed directly, at the level of the brain. We measured self-affirmed and nonaffirmed participants’ electrophysiological responses to making errors on a task. As we anticipated, self-affirmation elicited greater error responsiveness than did nonaffirmation, as indexed by the error-related negativity, a neural signal of error monitoring. Self-affirmed participants also performed better on the task than did nonaffirmed participants. We offer novel brain evidence that self-affirmation increases openness to threat and discuss the role of error detection in the link between self-affirmation and performance.

scholarly journals Is the Error-related Negativity Amplitude Related to Error Detectability? Evidence from Effects of Different Error Types

2008 ◽  
Vol Early Access (Early Access) ◽  
pp. 090305100629001-11
Author(s):  
Martin Maier ◽  
Marco Steinhauser ◽  
Ronald Hübner
Keyword(s):  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Error Types

scholarly journals Developmental pathways to social anxiety and irritability: The role of the ERN

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney A. Filippi ◽  
Anni R. Subar ◽  
Jessica F. Sachs ◽  
Katharina Kircanski ◽  
George Buzzell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Child Anxiety ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Maternal Report ◽  
Error Related Negativity

AbstractEarly behaviors that differentiate later biomarkers for psychopathology can guide preventive efforts while also facilitating pathophysiological research. We tested whether error-related negativity (ERN) moderates the link between early behavior and later psychopathology in two early childhood phenotypes: behavioral inhibition and irritability. From ages 2 to 7 years, children (n = 291) were assessed longitudinally for behavioral inhibition (BI) and irritability. Behavioral inhibition was assessed via maternal report and behavioral responses to novelty. Childhood irritability was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. At age 12, an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded while children performed a flanker task to measure ERN, a neural indicator of error monitoring. Clinical assessments of anxiety and irritability were conducted using questionnaires (i.e., Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders and Affective Reactivity Index) and clinical interviews. Error monitoring interacted with early BI and early irritability to predict later psychopathology. Among children with high BI, an enhanced ERN predicted greater social anxiety at age 12. In contrast, children with high childhood irritability and blunted ERN predicted greater irritability at age 12. This converges with previous work and provides novel insight into the specificity of pathways associated with psychopathology.

External Behavior Monitoring Mirrors Internal Behavior Monitoring

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan T. Bates ◽  
Tina P. Patel ◽  
Peter F. Liddle
Keyword(s):  
Observational Learning ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Action Execution ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Behavior Monitoring ◽  
External Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: The discovery of mirror neurons in monkeys has reshaped thinking about how the brain processes observed actions. There is growing evidence that these neurons, which show similar firing patterns for action execution and observation, also exist in humans. Many parts of the motor system required to perform a specific action are activated during the observation of the same action. We hypothesized that behavior monitoring that occurs during action execution is mirrored during action observation. To test this, we measured error negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) while participants performed and observed a Go/NoGo task. The Ne/ERN is an event-related potential that is thought to reflect an error detection process in the brain. In addition to finding an Ne/ERN for performed errors, we found that an Ne/ERN was also generated for observed errors. The Ne/ERN for observed errors may reflect a system that plays a key role in imitation and observational learning.

scholarly journals Data Cleaning Process for HIV Indicator Data Extracted from DHIS2 National Reporting System: Case Example of Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milka Gesicho ◽  
Ankica Babic ◽  
Martin Were
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Data Cleaning ◽  
National Level ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Systematic Data ◽  
Report Quality ◽  
Indicator Data ◽  
Quality Issues ◽  
Error Types

Abstract Background The District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) is widely used by countries for national-level aggregate reporting of health data. To best leverage DHIS2 data for decision-making, countries need to ensure that data within their systems are of the highest quality. Comprehensive, systematic and transparent data cleaning approaches form a core component of preparing DHIS2 data for use. Unfortunately, there is paucity of exhaustive and systematic descriptions of data cleaning processes employed on DHIS2-based data. In this paper, we describe results of systematic data cleaning approach applied on a national-level DHIS2 instance, using Kenya as the case example. Methods Broeck et al’s framework, involving repeated cycles of a three-phase process (data screening, data diagnosis and data treatment), was employed on six HIV indicator reports collected monthly from all care facilities in Kenya from 2011 to 2018. This resulted to repeated facility reporting instances. Quality dimensions evaluated included reporting rate, reporting timeliness, and indicator completeness of submitted reports each done per facility per year. The various error types were categorized, and Friedman analyses of variance conducted to examine differences in distribution of facilities by error types. Data cleaning was done during the treatment phases. Results A generic five-step data cleaning sequence was developed and applied in cleaning HIV indicator data reports extracted from DHIS2. Initially, 93,179 facility reporting instances were extracted from year 2011 to 2018. 50.23% of these instances submitted no reports and were removed. Of the remaining reporting instances, there was over reporting in 0.03%. Quality issues related to timeliness included scenarios where reports were empty or had data but were never on time. Percentage of reporting instances in these scenarios varied by reporting type. Of submitted reports empty reports also varied by report type and ranged from 1.32–18.04%. Report quality varied significantly by facility distribution (p = 0.00) and report type. Conclusions The case instance of Kenya reveals significant data quality issues for HIV reported data that were not detected by the inbuilt error detection procedures within DHIS2. More robust and systematic data cleaning processes should be integrated to current DHIS2 implementations to ensure highest quality data.

scholarly journals Conflict monitoring, error detection, and inhibition: behavioural and electrophysiological features

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Egeto
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Error Positivity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Inhibition Index

Event-related potentials of performance monitoring, including N2 (conflict monitoring), error-related negativity and error positivity (ERN and Pe; error monitoring), and P3 (inhibition) have been studied. However, conflict monitoring lacks a behavioural measure, and the functional significance of ERN, Pe, and P3 are debated. To address these issues, a behavioural measure of conflict monitoring was tested by subtracting the reaction time (RT) of a simple from a choice RT task to isolate conflict monitoring; the functions of error monitoring and inhibition were examined. The RT difference correlated with the N2 area (longer conflict monitoring related to a larger N2). ERN and Pe areas were negatively and positively correlated with errors, respectively. P3 magnitude and onset were correlated with an inhibition index. The new behavioural measure provides an accessible way to study conflict monitoring. Theories of conflict monitoring for ERN, error awareness for Pe, and inhibition for P3 were replicated and extended.

scholarly journals Joint modeling of choices and reaction times based on Bayesian contextual behavioral control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Schw&oumlbel ◽  
Dimitrije Markovic ◽  
Michael N Smolka ◽  
Stefan Kiebel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Joint Modeling ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Sequential Decision

In cognitive neuroscience and psychology, reaction times are an important behavioral measure. However, in instrumental learning and goal-directed decision making experiments, findings often rely only on choice probabilities from a value-based model, instead of reaction times. Recent advancements have shown that it is possible to connect value-based decision models with reaction time models, for example in a joint reinforcement learning and diffusion decision model. We propose a novel joint model of both choices and reaction times by combining a mechanistic account of Bayesian sequential decision making with a sampling procedure. Specifically, we use a recent context-specific Bayesian forward planning model which we extend by an MCMC sampler to obtain both choices and reaction times. We show that we can explain and reproduce well-known experimental findings in value based-decision making as well as classical inhibition and switching tasks. First, we use the proposed model to explain how instrumental learning and automatized behavior result in decreased reaction times and improved accuracy. Second, we reproduce classical results in the Eriksen flanker task. Third, we reproduce established findings in task switching. These findings show that the proposed joint behavioral model may describe common underlying processes in all these types of decision making paradigms.

scholarly journals Error-Related Activity in Striatal Local Field Potentials and Medial Frontal Cortex: Evidence From Patients With Severe Opioid Abuse Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Sildatke ◽  
Thomas Schüller ◽  
Theo O. J. Gründler ◽  
Markus Ullsperger ◽  
Veerle Visser-Vandewalle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Field ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Error Processing ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations

For successful goal-directed behavior, a performance monitoring system is essential. It detects behavioral errors and initiates behavioral adaptations to improve performance. Two electrophysiological potentials are known to follow errors in reaction time tasks: the error-related negativity (ERN), which is linked to error processing, and the error positivity (Pe), which is associated with subjective error awareness. Furthermore, the correct-related negativity (CRN) is linked to uncertainty about the response outcome. Here we attempted to identify the involvement of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the aforementioned performance monitoring processes. To this end, we simultaneously recorded cortical activity (EEG) and local field potentials (LFP) during a flanker task performed by four patients with severe opioid abuse disorder who underwent electrode implantation in the NAc for deep brain stimulation. We observed significant accuracy-related modulations in the LFPs at the time of the ERN/CRN in two patients and at the time of Pe in three patients. These modulations correlated with the ERN in 2/8, with CRN in 5/8 and with Pe in 6/8, recorded channels, respectively. Our results demonstrate the functional interrelation of striatal and cortical processes in performance monitoring specifically related to error processing and subjective error awareness.

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