scholarly journals A Single Brief Burst Induces GluR1-dependent Associative Short-term Potentiation: A Potential Mechanism for Short-term Memory

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2530-2540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha A. Erickson ◽  
Lauren A. Maramara ◽  
John Lisman
Keyword(s):  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Model Learning ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Potentiation

Recent work showed that short-term memory (STM) is selectively reduced in GluR1 knockout mice. This raises the possibility that a form of synaptic modification dependent on GluR1 might underlie STM. Studies of synaptic plasticity have shown that stimuli too weak to induce long-term potentiation induce short-term potentiation (STP), a phenomenon that has received little attention. Here we examined several properties of STP and tested the dependence of STP on GluR1. The minimal requirement for inducing STP was examined using a test pathway and a conditioning pathway. Several closely spaced stimuli in the test pathway, forming a single brief burst, were sufficient to induce STP. Thus, STP is likely to be induced by the similar bursts that occur in vivo. STP induction is associative in nature and dependent on the NMDAR. STP decays with two components, a fast component (1.6 ± 0.26 min) and a slower one (19 ± 6.6 min). To test the role of GluR1 in STP, experiments were conducted on GluR1 knockout mice. We found that STP was greatly reduced. These results, taken together with the behavioral work of D. Sanderson et al. [Sanderson, D., Good, M. A., Skelton, K., Sprengel, R., Seeburg, P. H., Nicholas, J., et al. Enhanced long-term and impaired short-term spatial memory in GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit knockout mice: Evidence for a dual-process memory model. Learning and Memory, 2009], provide genetic evidence that STP is a likely mechanism of STM.

scholarly journals Meningeal γδ T cell–derived IL-17 controls synaptic plasticity and short-term memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (40) ◽  
pp. eaay5199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ribeiro ◽  
Helena C. Brigas ◽  
Mariana Temido-Ferreira ◽  
Paula A. Pousinha ◽  
Tommy Regen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Γδ T Cell ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Term Memory

The notion of “immune privilege” of the brain has been revised to accommodate its infiltration, at steady state, by immune cells that participate in normal neurophysiology. However, the immune mechanisms that regulate learning and memory remain poorly understood. Here, we show that noninflammatory interleukin-17 (IL-17) derived from a previously unknown fetal-derived meningeal-resident γδ T cell subset promotes cognition. When tested in classical spatial learning paradigms, mice lacking γδ T cells or IL-17 displayed deficient short-term memory while retaining long-term memory. The plasticity of glutamatergic synapses was reduced in the absence of IL-17, resulting in impaired long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Conversely, IL-17 enhanced glial cell production of brain-derived neurotropic factor, whose exogenous provision rescued the synaptic and behavioral phenotypes of IL-17–deficient animals. Together, our work provides previously unknown clues on the mechanisms that regulate short-term versus long-term memory and on the evolutionary and functional link between the immune and nervous systems.

scholarly journals Protein Kinase C-Gamma Knockout Mice Show Impaired Hippocampal Short-Term Memory While Preserved Long-Term Memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gomis-González ◽  
Lorena Galera-López ◽  
Marc Ten-Blanco ◽  
Arnau Busquets-Garcia ◽  
Thomas Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase C Gamma

Global Action against Dementia Call for Innovations

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-274
Author(s):  
Dajue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Animal Assisted Therapy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

With the fast-growing aging population, dementia has become a health priority. However, in the past, medicine was largely dealing with physical disorders, and not enough knowledge and experience have been accumulated for mental health. The main and first symptom of this disorder is the loss of memory; hence, understanding the hippocampal formation is the key to tackling dementia. In 2007, a milestone book titled “Hippocampus Book” was published. One of the authors/editors is the 2014 Nobel Laureate in Physiology and Medicine, Professor John O'Keefe. It is a MUST-READ encyclopedia about the hippocampal formation, for those who wish to commit themselves to helping the patients with dementia. The formation consists of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum, and dentate gyrus. The hippocampus is further divided into CA1, CA2, and CA3. The entorhinal cortex is the gateway of receiving all sensory information from the neocortex, while the subiculum is the exit for the efferent projections to the neocortex. Memory is divided into short-term and long-term memory. The former does not require protein synthesis while the latter does. The electrophysiological activities of creating these memories are short-term potentiation and long-term potentiation respectively. In most cases, the entorhinal cortex is the first structure to be damaged, and even short-term memory cannot be created. However, all except spatial memory are stored in the neocortex. Damage to the hippocampal formation would not affect the storage and retrieval of memories. Hence, past memories may remain intact in the early phases of the disorder. This devastating progressive disease has no cure. However, the highly plastic hippocampal formation may offer us some hope. It is the responsibility of the pharmaceutical industries to develop new drugs. Clinicians should add their efforts to the endeavor. The author would suggest that they explore insulin-like growth factors, brain stimulation, cell transplantation, and animal-assisted therapy to find some innovative solutions to help patients with dementia. As the current status of neuroscience stands, the animal-assisted therapy seems to stand out among all methods. It alleviates symptoms and stabilizes the ailment.

Bi-Polar Synaptic Behavior of Pt/SiOx:Ag/TiOx/p++- Si Memristor

2020 ◽  
Vol 984 ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Yu Han Yuan ◽  
Nasir Ilyas ◽  
Zhi Hui Qi ◽  
Dong Yang Li ◽  
Xiang Dong Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Memristive Device ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Synaptic Functions ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Electrical Bias

Recently, by inserting a TiOx thin layer, we have fabricated a memristive device as Pt/SiOx:Ag/TiOx/p++-Si which features a better bi-polar gradually resistive switching under positive and negative electrical bias. Different synaptic functions including potentiation, depression, short-term potentiation and the transition from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM) using suitably programmed voltage pulse have been implemented successfully in the memristive device. It is indicated that the Pt/SiOx:Ag/TiOx/p++-Si memristor can be used as a promising emulator for biological synapse, which could have great potential for brain-inspired neuromorphic computing.

Use of Long-Term Memory in Impression Formation

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Rywick ◽  
Paul Schave
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Theory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Based on a dual-process theory of memory, it was hypothesized that the primacy effects often observed in impression-formation studies are due to a reliance on information in long-term, as opposed to short-term, memory storage. Variables which have been shown to affect either long-term or short-term memory were therefore manipulated in two impression-formation experiments. It was found that a delay following stimulus presentation (which reduces short-term memory) had no effect on impressions while inclusion of an irrelevant task during stimulus presentation (which reduces long-term memory) significantly reduced the degree of impression primacy.

scholarly journals Integrated Overview of the Memory System

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 3328-3338
Author(s):  
Ishanee Das Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Potentiation

This review aims to clarify and classify memory from psychological and neuroscientific point of view, delving into the molecular mechanisms taking place as well. The main forms of memory are sensory memory, short term memory and long-term memory. We also try to specify the flow of information through various memory models. The concept of synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation is highlighted, with special focus on the physiological parts of the brain that are involved in memory storage. Overall, this study will help expand our knowledge on the intrinsic details of memory storage and the functioning of our brain.

Amygdala complex: physiology of emotions and memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Tsvetkov ◽  
◽  
E. I. Krasnoshchekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Reflex Reaction ◽  
Reflex Reactions ◽  
Stimulation Of

The monograph provides a review of the world’s published scientific literature on the physiology of emotions that are based on the conditioned reflex reaction of fear. A detailed description of electrophysiological, molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity of the amygdala complex (amygdala), and their ability for long-term potentiation (LTP), as the basis for emotions and conditioned memory, is presented in this work. There are two categories of fear: innate and learned. Innate fear is realized like an unconditioned reflex by the genetically determined pathways. Learned fear is realized like a conditioned reflex and is formed as a result of learning during the combination of conditioned and unconditioned signals. A convergence of sensory inputs that carry the information on such signals occurs on the neurons of the lateral nuclei of the amygdala. Two types of amygdala cells (glutamatergic projection and GABAergic interneurons) receive inputs from the thalamus and cortex. The synapses of the projection cells are equally effective, while the thalamic synapses of interneurons are more effective. The response of projection neurons to the stimulation of cortical and thalamic afferents includes the monosynaptic excitatory glutamatergic AMPA and NMDA components and disynaptic inhibitory GABAergic components. The most important resources of the regulation of the excitatory efferents of the amygdala are GABAergic interneurons. During the stimulation of the thalamic input, the synapses of the interneurons shunt the membrane of the projection cells more effectively and decrease the level of long-term potentiation in comparison with the stimulation of the cortical input. The stages of the development of long-term potentiation are similar for short-term and long-term memory. The formation of the conditioned reflex is based on a short-term memory on the coincidence of the conditioned signal with an unconditioned traumatizing stimulus, and the consolidation — on the long-term memory. The association of the conditioned reflex reactions and long-term potentiation verify the results of the experiments on the manipulations with genes that encode proteins regulating the synaptic transmission and its plasticity. In animals with a knocked-out gene of gastrin-releasing peptide, easier initiation of long-term potentiation and formation of conditioned reflex reactions of fear are observed. The knock-out of the gene of oncoprotein18/stathmin leads to a deficit of long-term potentiation and complicates the expression of amygdala-dependent conditioned reflexes. The review and analysis of modern publications and the author’s research supplement the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion with evidence that a key role in the regulation of emotions is played by the amygdala complex that is characterized by neuronal mechanisms of stimuli filtration depending on their relevance, education, and formation of stimulus-conditioned memory. The annexes to the article contain the protocols of the electrophysiological experiments and methods of formation of conditioned reflex reaction of fear in animals.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

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