scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Confidence during Item Recognition and Source Memory Retrieval: Evidence for Both Dual-process and Strength Memory Theories

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3959-3971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Hayes ◽  
Norbou Buchler ◽  
Jared Stokes ◽  
James Kragel ◽  
Roberto Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Strength Theory ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Memory Network

Although the medial-temporal lobes (MTL), PFC, and parietal cortex are considered primary nodes in the episodic memory network, there is much debate regarding the contributions of MTL, PFC, and parietal subregions to recollection versus familiarity (dual-process theory) and the feasibility of accounts on the basis of a single memory strength process (strength theory). To investigate these issues, the current fMRI study measured activity during retrieval of memories that differed quantitatively in terms of strength (high vs. low-confidence trials) and qualitatively in terms of recollection versus familiarity (source vs. item memory tasks). Support for each theory varied depending on which node of the episodic memory network was considered. Results from MTL best fit a dual-process account, as a dissociation was found between a right hippocampal region showing high-confidence activity during the source memory task and bilateral rhinal regions showing high-confidence activity during the item memory task. Within PFC, several left-lateralized regions showed greater activity for source than item memory, consistent with recollective orienting, whereas a right-lateralized ventrolateral area showed low-confidence activity in both tasks, consistent with monitoring processes. Parietal findings were generally consistent with strength theory, with dorsal areas showing low-confidence activity and ventral areas showing high-confidence activity in both tasks. This dissociation fits with an attentional account of parietal functions during episodic retrieval. The results suggest that both dual-process and strength theories are partly correct, highlighting the need for an integrated model that links to more general cognitive theories to account for observed neural activity during episodic memory retrieval.

Positive Arousal Enhances the Consolidation of Item Memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Immediate Memory

Emotional arousal induced after learning has been shown to modulate memory consolidation. However, it is unclear whether the effect of postlearning arousal can extend to different aspects of memory. This study examined the effect of postlearning positive arousal on both item memory and source memory. Participants learned a list of neutral words and took an immediate memory test. Then they watched a positive or a neutral videoclip and took delayed memory tests after either 25 minutes or 1 week had elapsed after the learning phase. In both delay conditions, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of item memory as measured by overall recognition. Furthermore, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of familiarity but not recollection. However, positive arousal appeared to have no effect on consolidation of source memory. These findings have implications for building theoretical models of the effect of emotional arousal on consolidation of episodic memory and for applying postlearning emotional arousal as a technique of memory intervention.

scholarly journals The effects of endogenous and exogenus orienting of attention on source memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Selene Cansino
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Symbolic Cues

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention on episodic memory. Thirty healthy participants performed a cueing attention paradigm during encoding, in which images of common objects were presented either to the left or to the right of the center of the screen. Before the presentation of each image, three types of symbolic cues were displayed to indicate the location in which the stimuli would appear: valid cues to elicit endogenous orientation, invalid cues to prompt exogenous orientation and neutral or uncued trials. The participants’ task was to discriminate whether the images were symmetrical or not while fixating on the center of the screen to assure the manifestation of only covert attention mechanisms. Covert attention refers to the ability to orient attention by means of central control mechanisms alone, without head and eye movements. Trials with eye movements were excluded after inspection of eye-tracker recordings that were conducted throughout the task. During retrieval, participants conducted a source memory task in which they indicated the location where the images were presented during encoding. Memory for spatial context was superior during endogenous orientation than during exogenous orientation, whereas exogenous orientation was associated with a greater number of missed responses compared to the neutral trials. The formation of episodic memory representations with contextual details benefits from endogenous attention.

Benefits and Costs of Context Reinstatement in Episodic Memory: An ERP Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Bramão ◽  
Mikael Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Memory Facilitation ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefits And Costs

This study investigated context-dependent episodic memory retrieval. An influential idea in the memory literature is that performance benefits when the retrieval context overlaps with the original encoding context. However, such memory facilitation may not be driven by the encoding–retrieval overlap per se but by the presence of diagnostic features in the reinstated context that discriminate the target episode from competing episodes. To test this prediction, the encoding–retrieval overlap and the diagnostic value of the context were manipulated in a novel associative recognition memory task. Participants were asked to memorize word pairs presented together with diagnostic (unique) and nondiagnostic (shared) background scenes. At test, participants recognized the word pairs in the presence and absence of the previously encoded contexts. Behavioral data show facilitated memory performance in the presence of the original context but, importantly, only when the context was diagnostic of the target episode. The electrophysiological data reveal an early anterior ERP encoding–retrieval overlap effect that tracks the cost associated with having nondiagnostic contexts present at retrieval, that is, shared by multiple previous episodes, and a later posterior encoding–retrieval overlap effect that reflects facilitated access to the target episode during retrieval in diagnostic contexts. Taken together, our results underscore the importance of the diagnostic value of the context and suggest that context-dependent episodic memory effects are multiple determined.

scholarly journals Predicting memory formation over multiple study episodes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Sievers ◽  
Louis Renoult
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimal Encoding ◽  
Encoding Variability ◽  
Study Participants

Repeated study typically improves episodic memory performance. Two different types of explanations of this phenomenon have been put forward: 1) reactivating the same representations strengthens and stabilizes memories, or, in contrast, 2) greater encoding variability - through changes in context - benefits memory by promoting richer traces and a larger variety of retrieval cues. The present experiment was designed to directly compare these predictions in a design with multiple repeated study episodes, allowing to dissociate memory for studied items and their context of study. Participants repeatedly encoded names of famous people four times, either in the same task (optimal encoding for a reactivation view), or in different tasks (optimal encoding for an encoding variability view). During the test phase, an old/new judgement task was used to assess item memory, followed by a source memory judgement about the encoding task. Consistent with predictions from the encoding variability view, encoding stimulus in different contexts resulted in higher item memory and lower rates of forgetting. In contrast, consistent with the reactivation view, source memory performance was higher when participants encoded stimuli in the same task repeatedly. Taken together, our findings indicate that encoding variability benefits episodic memory, by increasing the number of items that are recalled and by decreasing forgetting. These benefits are however at the expenses of source recollection and memory for details, which are decreased, likely due to interference and generalisation across contexts.

scholarly journals 0121 Effect of Total Sleep Deprivation on Word Recognition of Previously Studied Words with Different Emotional Valence

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A48-A48
Author(s):  
A N Hudson ◽  
P Whitney ◽  
J M Hinson ◽  
D A Hansen ◽  
H Van Dongen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Negative Stimuli

Abstract Introduction Stimuli with an emotional valence tend to produce better recognition from memory than neutral stimuli. Sleep loss is believed to increase reactivity to negative stimuli, as compared to positive stimuli, which may comparatively enhance subsequent recognition from memory for negative stimuli. We investigated the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on recognition accuracy for words with different emotional valence using the Affective Item Source Memory Task (AISM). Methods N=14 adults (ages 21–39; 7 females) completed a 4-day in-laboratory study with 9h baseline sleep (22:00-07:00), 39h acute TSD, and 9h recovery sleep. The AISM was administered at 16:30 during baseline and after 34h TSD. During a 5min study phase, participants heard a list, twice, of 20 positive, 20 negative, and 20 neutral words spoken with a male or female voice. During an immediately subsequent 8min recognition phase, participants heard 120 words (50% new) and judged whether each word had been presented in the study list (item memory). For words judged to have been presented previously, participants indicated whether those were presented by a female or male speaker (source memory). Results Mixed-effects ANOVA showed effects of session (p<0.001) and valence (p<0.001) on item memory. At baseline, accuracy was greatest for neutral and positive words compared to negative words. During TSD, accuracy declined for all three valences, and no interaction of session by valence was detected. No effects of TSD or valence on source memory were observed. Conclusion Sleep deprivation reduced item memory for words of all valence types. However, there was no comparatively greater impact on item or source memory for negative words nor any differential effect of TSD for different valences. Whether our results would hold with longer time intervals between task phases or an intervening sleep period remains to be determined. Support Jazz Pharmaceuticals

Dopamine Receptor Genes Modulate Associative Memory in Old Age

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Papenberg ◽  
Nina Becker ◽  
Beata Ferencz ◽  
Moshe Naveh-Benjamin ◽  
Erika J. Laukka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Associative Memory ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Score ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Score

Previous research shows that associative memory declines more than item memory in aging. Although the underlying mechanisms of this selective impairment remain poorly understood, animal and human data suggest that dopaminergic modulation may be particularly relevant for associative binding. We investigated the influence of dopamine (DA) receptor genes on item and associative memory in a population-based sample of older adults (n = 525, aged 60 years), assessed with a face–scene item associative memory task. The effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of DA D1 (DRD1; rs4532), D2 (DRD2/ANKK1/Taq1A; rs1800497), and D3 (DRD3/Ser9Gly; rs6280) receptor genes were examined and combined into a single genetic score. Individuals carrying more beneficial alleles, presumably associated with higher DA receptor efficacy (DRD1 C allele; DRD2 A2 allele; DRD3 T allele), performed better on associative memory than persons with less beneficial genotypes. There were no effects of these genes on item memory or other cognitive measures, such as working memory, executive functioning, fluency, and perceptual speed, indicating a selective association between DA genes and associative memory. By contrast, genetic risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) was associated with worse item and associative memory, indicating adverse effects of APOE ε4 and a genetic risk score for AD (PICALM, BIN1, CLU) on episodic memory in general. Taken together, our results suggest that DA may be particularly important for associative memory, whereas AD-related genetic variations may influence overall episodic memory in older adults without dementia.

scholarly journals fMRI Evidence for Separable and Lateralized Prefrontal Memory Monitoring Processes

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. Dobbins ◽  
Jon S. Simons ◽  
Daniel L. Schacter
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Memory Monitoring ◽  
The Right

Source memory research suggests that attempting to remember specific contextual aspects surrounding prior stimulus encounters results in greater left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity than simple item-based old/new recognition judgments. Here, we tested a complementary hypothesis that predicts increases in the right PFC with tasks requiring close monitoring of item familiarity. More specifically, we compared a judgment of frequency (JOF) task to an item memory task, in which the former required estimating the number of previous picture encounters and the latter required discriminating old from new exemplars of previously seen items. In comparison to standard old/new recognition, both source memory and the JOF task examined here require more precise mnemonic judgments. However, in contrast to source memory, cognitive models suggest the JOF task relies heavily upon item familiarity, not specific contextual recollections. Event-related fMRI demonstrated greater recruitment of right, not left, dorso-lateral and frontopolar PFC regions during the JOF compared to item memory task. These data suggest a role for right PFC in the close monitoring of the familiarity of objects, which becomes critical when contextual recollection is ineffective in satisfying a memory demand.

scholarly journals Prefrontal Engagement during Source Memory Retrieval Depends on the Prior Encoding Task

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1133-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trudy Y. Kuo ◽  
Cyma Van Petten
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Brain Electrical Activity ◽  
Object Identity ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Memory Tests

The prefrontal cortex is strongly engaged by some, but not all, episodic memory tests. Prior work has shown that source recognition tests—those that require memory for conjunctions of studied attributes—yield deficient performance in patients with prefrontal damage and greater prefrontal activity in healthy subjects, as compared to simple recognition tests. Here, we tested the hypothesis that there is no intrinsic relationship between the prefrontal cortex and source memory, but that the prefrontal cortex is engaged by the demand to retrieve weakly encoded relationships. Subjects attempted to remember object/color conjunctions after an encoding task that focused on object identity alone, and an integrative encoding task that encouraged attention to object/color relationships. After the integrative encoding task, the late prefrontal brain electrical activity that typically occurs in source memory tests was eliminated. Earlier brain electrical activity related to successful recognition of the objects was unaffected by the nature of prior encoding.

scholarly journals Total recall: episodic memory retrieval, choice, and memory confidence in the rat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Joo ◽  
Hexin Liang ◽  
Jason E Chung ◽  
Charlotte Geaghan-Breiner ◽  
Jiang Lan Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Memory Confidence ◽  
Modern Machine

Episodic memory enables recollection of past experiences to guide future behavior. Humans know which memories to trust (high confidence) and which to doubt (low confidence). How memory retrieval, memory confidence, and memory-guided decisions are related, however, is not understood. Additionally, whether animals can assess confidence in episodic memories to guide behavior is unknown. We developed a spatial episodic memory task in which rats were incentivized to gamble their time: betting more following a correct choice yielded greater reward. Rat behavior reflected memory confidence, with higher temporal bets following correct choices. We applied modern machine learning to identify a memory decision variable, and built a generative model of memories evolving over time that accurately predicted both choices and confidence reports. Our results reveal in rats an ability thought to exist exclusively in primates, and introduce a unified model of memory dynamics, retrieval, choice, and confidence.

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