scholarly journals Controlling Conflict from Interfering Long-term Memory Representations

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1173-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Jost ◽  
Patrick H. Khader ◽  
Peter Düsel ◽  
Franziska R. Richter ◽  
Kristina B. Rohde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Retrieval Interference ◽  
Relevant Material

Remembering is more than an activation of a memory trace. As retrieval cues are often not uniquely related to one specific memory, cognitive control should come into play to guide selective memory retrieval by focusing on relevant while ignoring irrelevant information. Here, we investigated, by means of EEG and fMRI, how the memory system deals with retrieval interference arising when retrieval cues are associated with two material types (faces and spatial positions), but only one is task-relevant. The topography of slow EEG potentials and the fMRI BOLD signal in posterior storage areas indicated that in such situations not only the relevant but also the irrelevant material becomes activated. This results in retrieval interference that triggers control processes mediated by the medial and lateral PFC, which are presumably involved in biasing target representations by boosting the task-relevant material. Moreover, memory-based conflict was found to be dissociable from response conflict that arises when the relevant and irrelevant materials imply different responses. The two types of conflict show different activations in the medial frontal cortex, supporting the claim of domain-specific prefrontal control systems.

A neurocognitive perspective on retrieval interference in L2 sentence processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILLIP HAMRICK ◽  
MICHAEL T. ULLMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Retrieval Interference ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Processing Differences ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Cunnings (Cunnings) offers an interpretation of L2-L1 sentence processing differences in terms of memory principles. We applaud such cross-domain approaches, which seem likely to significantly elucidate the neurocognition of language. Cunnings attributes sentence processing differences between (adult) high proficiency L2 and L1 speakers to an increased susceptibility to similarity-based retrieval interference, rather than to qualitative L2-L1 processing differences (cf. Clahsen & Felser, 2006). On his account, both L1 and L2 sentence processing depend upon a ‘bipartite’ working memory, which involves maintaining items active by focusing attention on long-term memory representations (Cowan, 2001).

Domain-Specific Working Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-281
Author(s):  
Randi C. Martin ◽  
Brenda Rapp ◽  
Jeremy Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Neuropsychological Findings

The domain-specific approach to working memory assumes specialized working memory systems dedicated to maintaining different types of information (e.g. orthographic, phonological, semantic, visuospatial) which serve to support processing in that domain. These storage systems are assumed to be separate from long-term memory representations in each domain and also from attentional and cognitive control processes. This chapter provides an overview of support for this approach drawn mainly from neuropsychological case study and case series approaches, though it also integrates findings from behavioural and imaging studies of healthy individuals that were motivated by the neuropsychological findings or provide confirmation of those findings. The neuropsychological findings not only demonstrate dissociations between working memory in different domains but also provide a rich source of evidence to address the nature of forgetting in working memory, the interactions between working memory and long-term memory, and the role of aspects of working memory in language comprehension and production.

scholarly journals A learning mechanism completed in milliseconds capable of transitioning to stabilizable forms can generate working, short and long-term memories - A verifiable mechanism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunjumon I Vadakkan
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Short And Long Term

Multiple associative learning events can take place within sub-second time and the "completed" mechanism can then be used for specific memory retrieval without any lapse of time. This indicates that a biological process is completed within the matching time-scales of milliseconds that can be used for retrieving specific memory. Since qualia of working, short-term and long-term memories are same except for degradation of features in long-term memory and since every long-term memory had the capability to induce working memory immediately after learning, all memories are anticipated to get induced from a mechanism formed at the time of learning. When memories are viewed as first-person internal sensations, a derived mechanism fulfills the "completion" requirement within milliseconds that can be used to induce working memory and can be transitioned to stabilizable forms to induce short-term and long-term memories.

scholarly journals A learning mechanism completed in milliseconds capable of transitioning to stabilizable forms can generate working, short and long-term memories - A verifiable mechanism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunjumon I Vadakkan
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Short And Long Term

Multiple associative learning events can take place within sub-second time and the "completed" mechanism can then be used for specific memory retrieval without any lapse of time. This indicates that a biological process is completed within the matching time-scales of milliseconds that can be used for retrieving specific memory. Since qualia of working, short-term and long-term memories are same except for degradation of features in long-term memory and since every long-term memory had the capability to induce working memory immediately after learning, all memories are anticipated to get induced from a mechanism formed at the time of learning. When memories are viewed as first-person internal sensations, a derived mechanism fulfills the "completion" requirement within milliseconds that can be used to induce working memory and can be transitioned to stabilizable forms to induce short-term and long-term memories.

scholarly journals Distinct Neural Substrates Support Phonological and Orthographic Working Memory: Implications for Theories of Working Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Purcell ◽  
Brenda Rapp ◽  
Randi C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Attentional System ◽  
Lesion Symptom Mapping

Prior behavioral and neuroimaging evidence supports a separation between working memory capacities in the phonological and orthographic domains. Although these data indicate distinct buffers for orthographic and phonological information, prior neural evidence does indicate that nearby left inferior parietal regions support both of these working memory capacities. Given that no study has directly compared their neural substrates based on data from the same individuals, it is possible that there is a common left inferior parietal region shared by both working memory capacities. In fact, those endorsing an embedded processes account of working memory might suggest that parietal involvement reflects a domain-general attentional system that directs attention to long-term memory representations in the two domains, implying that the same neural region supports the two capacities. Thus, in this work, a multivariate lesion-symptom mapping approach was used to assess the neural basis of phonological and orthographic working memory using behavioral and lesion data from the same set of 37 individuals. The results showed a separation of the neural substrates, with regions in the angular gyrus supporting orthographic working memory and with regions primarily in the supramarginal gyrus supporting phonological working memory. The results thus argue against the parietal involvement as supporting a domain-general attentional mechanism and support a domain-specific buffer account of working memory.

Proactive Inhibition as a Result of Activation

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umur Talasli
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Initial Recall ◽  
Significant Attenuation ◽  
Presence And Absence

A novel encoding hypothesis that explains proactive inhibition in the Brown-Peterson paradigm was developed and tested in three experiments. This hypothesis argues that initial recall on each trial activates a pool of associates and the encoding of the next trial occurs during such activation. The encoding is facilitated and leaves a weak long-term memory trace. Build-up and release of inhibition, as well as a number of other typical results, are parsimoniously accounted for by such a mechanism. In support of the hypothesis, Exps. 1 and 2 demonstrated significant accentuation of proactive inhibition with increased activation both in the presence and absence of inter-trial category relationship. Exp. 3 showed significant attenuation of proactive inhibition as activation decayed. Increase in latency of recall with increased activation was also noted.

Depressive symptomatology and learning: Does intermediate testing or restudying the information determine long-term memory retrieval of novel symbols?

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S412-S412
Author(s):  
V. Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Testing Effect ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Music Notation ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Term Memory

IntroductionThere is a hypothesis in cognitive psychology that long-term memory retrieval is improved by intermediate testing than by restudying the information. The effect of testing has been investigated with the use of a variety of stimuli. However, almost all testing effect studies to date have used purely verbal materials such as word pairs, facts and prose passages.ObjectiveHere byzantine music symbol–word pairs were used as to-be-learned materials to demonstrate the generalisability of the testing effect to symbol learning in participants with and without depressive symptoms.MethodFifty healthy (24 women, M age = 26.20, SD = 5.64) and forty volunteers with high depressive symptomatology (20 women, M age = 27.00, SD = 1.04) were examined. The participants did not have a music education. The examination material was completely new for them: 16 byzantine music notation stimuli, paired with a verbal label (the ancient Greek name of the symbol). Half of the participants underwent intermediate testing and the others restudied the information in a balanced design.ResultsResults indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in final memory test performance after a retention interval of 5 minutes for both groups of participants with low and high level depressive symptomatology (P > 0.005). After a retention interval of a week, tested pairs were retained better than repeatedly studied pairs for high and low depressive symptomatology groups (P < 0.005).ConclusionsThis research suggests that the effect of testing time on later memory retrieval can also be obtained in byzantine symbol learning.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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