Visual Sensitivity Shifts with Perceived Eye Position

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1180-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartholomäus Odoj ◽  
Daniela Balslev
Keyword(s):  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Position Signal ◽  
Letter Array ◽  
Eye Rotation ◽  
Sound Experiment ◽  
Selection Of

Spatial attention can be defined as the selection of a location for privileged stimulus processing. Most oculomotor structures, such as the superior colliculus or the FEFs, play an additional role in visuospatial attention. Indeed, electrical stimulation of these structures can cause changes in visual sensitivity that are location specific. We have proposed that the recently discovered ocular proprioceptive area in the human postcentral gyrus (S1EYE) may have a similar function. This suggestion was based on the observation that a reduction of excitability in this area with TMS causes not only a shift in perceived eye position but also lateralized changes in visual sensitivity. Here we investigated whether these shifts in perceived gaze position and visual sensitivity are spatially congruent. After continuous theta burst stimulation over S1EYE, participants underestimated own eye rotation, so that saccades from a lateral eye rotation undershoot a central sound (Experiment 1). They discriminated letters faster if they were presented nearer the orbit midline (Experiment 2) and spent less time looking at locations nearer the orbit midline when searching for a nonexistent target in a letter array (Experiment 3). This suggests that visual sensitivity increased nearer the orbit midline, in the same direction as the shift in perceived eye position. This spatial congruence argues for a functional coupling between the cortical eye position signal in the somatosensory cortex and visuospatial attention.

Rotary Nystagmus Evoked by Lateral Eye Position in a Patient of Brain Stem Infarction.

1998 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Koji Yuen ◽  
Hirofumi Akagi ◽  
Kazunori Nishizaki ◽  
Yu Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Brain Stem Infarction ◽  
Lateral Eye

Postsaccadic eye position contributes to oculomotor error estimation in saccadic adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1909-1917
Author(s):  
Svenja Gremmler ◽  
Markus Lappe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Saccadic Adaptation ◽  
Position Signal ◽  
Motor Error ◽  
Saccade Control

We investigated whether the proprioceptive eye position signal after the execution of a saccadic eye movement is used to estimate the accuracy of the movement. If so, saccadic adaptation, the mechanism that maintains saccade accuracy, could use this signal in a similar way as it uses visual feedback after the saccade. To manipulate the availability of the proprioceptive eye position signal we utilized the finding that proprioceptive eye position information builds up gradually after a saccade over a time interval comparable to typical saccade latencies. We confined the retention time of gaze at the saccade landing point by asking participants to make fast return saccades to the fixation point that preempt the usability of proprioceptive eye position signals. In five experimental conditions we measured the influence of the visual and proprioceptive feedback, together and separately, on the development of adaptation. We found that the adaptation of the previously shortened saccades in the case of visual feedback being unavailable after the saccade was significantly weaker when the use of proprioceptive eye position information was impaired by fast return saccades. We conclude that adaptation can be driven by proprioceptive eye position feedback. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that proprioceptive eye position information is used after a saccade to estimate motor error and adapt saccade control. Previous studies on saccadic adaptation focused on visual feedback about saccade accuracy. A multimodal error signal combining visual and proprioceptive information is likely more robust. Moreover, combining proprioceptive and visual measures of saccade performance can be helpful to keep vision, proprioception, and motor control in alignment and produce a coherent representation of space.

Paroxysmal spontaneous nystagmus and vertigo evoked by lateral eye position

Neurology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1553-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Buttner ◽  
A. Straube ◽  
Th. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Nystagmus ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Lateral Eye

Vergence-mediated changes in the axis of eye rotation during the human vestibulo-ocular reflex can occur independent of eye position

2003 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Americo A. Migliaccio ◽  
Phillip D. Cremer ◽  
Swee T. Aw ◽  
G. Michael Halmagyi ◽  
Ian S. Curthoys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Position ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Eye Rotation ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex

Eye movements induced by pontine stimulation: interaction with visually triggered saccades

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Sparks ◽  
L. E. Mays ◽  
J. D. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Target ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Saccadic System ◽  
Position Signal ◽  
Orbital Position ◽  
A Site ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Pontine Stimulation

1. Rhesus monkeys were trained to look to brief visual targets presented in an otherwise darkened room. On some trials, after the visual target was extinguished but before a saccade to it could be initiated, the eyes were driven to another orbital position by microstimulation of the paramedian pontine reticular formation. If, as current models of the saccadic system suggest, a copy of the motor command is used as a feedback signal of eye position, failure to compensate for stimulation-induced movements would indicate that stimulation occurred at a site beyond the point from which the eye position signal was derived. 2. Animals compensated for perturbations of eye position induced by stimulation of most pontine sites by making saccades that directed gaze to the position of the visual target. With stimulation at other pontine sites, compensatory saccades did not occur. 3. Pontine stimulation sometimes triggered, prematurely, impending visually directed saccades. The direction and amplitude of the premature movement depended upon the location of the briefly presented visual target. The amplitude of the premature movement was also a function of the interval between the stimulation train and the impending saccade. These data suggest that input signals for the horizontal and vertical pulse/step generators develop gradually during the presaccadic interval. Saccade trigger signals need to be delayed until the formation of these signals is completed. 4. The implications of these findings for models of the saccadic system are discussed. Robinson's local feedback model of the saccadic system can explain compensation for pontine stimulation-induced changes in eye position but cannot easily account for the failure to compensate for perturbations in eye position produced by stimulation at other sites. Modified versions of Robinson's model, which assume that the input signal to the pulse/step generator is the desired displacement of the eye, can account for both compensation and the failure to compensate since two separate neural integrators are employed. However, these models ignore kinematic arguments that commands to the extraocular muscles must specify the absolute position of the eye in the orbit rather than a relative movement from a previous position.

scholarly journals Specificity of the Effect of a Nicotinic Receptor Polymorphism on Individual Differences in Visuospatial Attention

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1611-1620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela M. Greenwood ◽  
John A. Fossella ◽  
Raja Parasuraman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Nicotinic Receptor ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase ◽  
Letter Array ◽  
Search Speed

Cortical neurotransmitter availability is known to exert domain-specific effects on cognitive performance. Hence, normal variation in genes with a role in neurotransmission may also have specific effects on cognition. We tested this hypothesis by examining associations between polymorphisms in genes affecting cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission and individual differences in visuospatial attention. Healthy individuals were administered a cued visual search task which varied the size of precues to the location of a target letter embedded in a 15-letter array. Cues encompassed 1, 3, 9, or 15 letters. Search speed increased linearly with precue size, indicative of a spatial attentional scaling mechanism. The strength of attentional scaling increased progressively with the number of C alleles (0, 1, or 2) of the alpha-4 nicotinic receptor gene C1545T polymorphism (n = 104). No association was found for the dopamine beta hydroxylase gene G444A polymorphism (n = 135). These findings point to the specificity of genetic neuromodulation. Whereas variation in a gene linked to cholinergic transmission systematically modulated the ability to scale the focus of visuospatial attention, variation in a gene governing dopamine availability did not. The results show that normal variation in a gene controlling a nicotinic receptor makes a selective contribution to individual differences in visuospatial attention.

scholarly journals Efferent control of temporal response properties of the Limulus lateral eye.

1990 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Batra ◽  
R B Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Transfer Characteristic ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Temporal Response ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Modulated Light ◽  
The Brain

The sensitivity of the Limulus lateral eye exhibits a pronounced circadian rhythm. At night a circadian oscillator in the brain activates efferent fibers in the optic nerve, inducing multiple changes in the physiological and anatomical characteristics of retinal cells. These changes increase the sensitivity of the retina by about five orders of magnitude. We investigated whether this increase in retinal sensitivity is accompanied by changes in the ability of the retina to process temporal information. We measured the frequency transfer characteristic (FTC) of single receptors (ommatidia) by recording the response of their optic nerve fibers to sinusoidally modulated light. We first measured the FTC in the less sensitive daytime state and then after converting the retina to the more sensitive nighttime state by electrical stimulation of the efferent fibers. The activation of these fibers shifted the peak of the FTC to lower frequencies and reduced the slope of the low-frequency limb. These changes reduce the eye's ability to detect rapid changes in light intensity but enhance its ability to detect dim flashes of light. Apparently Limulus sacrifices temporal resolution for increased visual sensitivity at night.

Kinematics of the Rotational Vestibuloocular Reflex: Role of the Cerebellum

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark F. Walker ◽  
Jing Tian ◽  
David S. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Vestibuloocular Reflex ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Eye Rotation ◽  
Axis Rotation ◽  
Head Impulses

We studied the effect of cerebellar lesions on the 3-D control of the rotational vestibuloocular reflex (RVOR) to abrupt yaw-axis head rotation. Using search coils, three-dimensional (3-D) eye movements were recorded from nine patients with cerebellar disease and seven normal subjects during brief chair rotations (200°/s2 to 40°/s) and manual head impulses. We determined the amount of eye-position dependent torsion during yaw-axis rotation by calculating the torsional-horizontal eye-velocity axis for each of three vertical eye positions (0°, ±15°) and performing a linear regression to determine the relationship of the 3-D velocity axis to vertical eye position. The slope of this regression is the tilt angle slope. Overall, cerebellar patients showed a clear increase in the tilt angle slope for both chair rotations and head impulses. For chair rotations, the effect was not seen at the onset of head rotation when both patients and normal subjects had nearly head-fixed responses (no eye-position-dependent torsion). Over time, however, both groups showed an increasing tilt-angle slope but to a much greater degree in cerebellar patients. Two important conclusions emerge from these findings: the axis of eye rotation at the onset of head rotation is set to a value close to head-fixed (i.e., optimal for gaze stabilization during head rotation), independent of the cerebellum and once the head rotation is in progress, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in keeping the axis of eye rotation about halfway between head-fixed and that required for Listing's Law to be obeyed.

scholarly journals Eye Position Affects Orienting of Visuospatial Attention

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Craighero ◽  
Mauro Nascimben ◽  
Luciano Fadiga
Keyword(s):  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Eye Position
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