A computational study of empty space ratios in Chinese landscape painting from 618–2011

Leonardo ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Guoyan Wang ◽  
Jiafei Shen ◽  
Mengmeng Yue ◽  
Yena Ma ◽  
Shuyang Wu
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Landscape Painting ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Chinese Landscape Painting ◽  
The Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Do So

Abstract The use of empty space (ES) is ubiquitous in Eastern art. In this study we used a computational method to quantitatively assess the amount of ES in Chinese landscape painting (CLP) (N=933). The data show that 56.8% of ancient CLPs contain mostly ES, while only 9.4% do so in modern times. ESs reached its peak during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), and its lowest point in the 1960s. This reflects a substantial variation in the style of CLPs from ancient to modern times. Chan culture, literati ink play, the Exhibition Hall Effect, red politics, as well as other social factors, may have had an important impact on this shift. This empirical study indicates that art keeps abreast of current developments: the philosophy, culture, politics and general education of a specific era influence artists’ perception, aesthetics and creative output.

Miigwech and blood memory: gratitude as a multi-lineage spiritual practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 000332862110238
Author(s):  
Hillary Raining
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Do So ◽  
Church Communities

In the last few years, scientists have discovered what indigenous communities have known for countless generations: that the emotional and physical lives of our ancestors will fundamentally affect our emotional and physical lives as well. Despite the increasingly evident effect that both trauma and/or gratitude can have on an individual (and by extension their offspring), there has been precious little research done on the effects of gratitude on future generations. This paper will seek to study the effect of gratitude as a deep spiritual practice that changes—not only those who practice it—but also the generations that follow. It will do so through the lenses of generational, psychological, and theological studies using the gratitude worldview and practices of the Ojibwa Native Americans as our entry point into the study of blood memory. It will also offer suggestions for church communities looking to reclaim gratitude as a spiritual practice in modern times drawing from the Church’s institutional “blood memory.”

Shitao and the Enlightening Experience of Painting

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
David Chai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Landscape Painting ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Old Masters ◽  
Chinese Landscape Painting

Having reached its zenith in the Song dynasty, Chinese landscape painting in the dynasties that followed became highly formulaic as artists simply copied the old masters to perfect their skills. This orthodox approach was not accepted by everyone however; some painters criticized it, arguing it was better to learn the ideas behind the techniques of the old masters than to blindly copy them. Shitao was one such critic and his Manual on Painting exemplifies his desire to disassociate himself from the classical approach to painting. This paper will investigate the three major themes of Shitao’s text—the holistic brushstroke, brush and ink, and the method of no-method—in order to show how they shaped his view of landscape painting and how said paintings subsequently embodied them. Unlike the near-scientific approach taken by his contemporaries and predecessors, Shitao paints to capture the unifying simplicity of nature, an onto-aesthetic experience that is profoundly enlightening.

The Millennial/Gen Z Leftists Are Emerging: Are Sociologists Ready for Them?

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-427
Author(s):  
Elaine Bell Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Do So

Sociology is being challenged by the new generation of students and scholars who have another view of society. Millennial/Gen Zs are the most progressive generation since the 1960s. We have had many opportunities to discuss and imagine power, diversity, and social change when we teach them in our classes or attend their campus events. Some Millennial/Gen Z believe, especially those in academia, that social scientists are tied to old theories and ideologies about race and gender, among other inconsistencies. These old ideas do not resonate with their views regarding equity. Millennials are not afraid to challenge the status quo. They do so already by supporting multiple gender and race identities. Several questions come to mind. How do we as sociologists with our sense of history and other issues such as racial and gender inequality help them along the way? Are we ready for this generation? Are they ready for us?

The Interrelations of Societies in History

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall G. S. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Do So

It has been long pointed out that the destinies of the various sections of mankind began to be interrelated long before the twentieth century, with its global wars and cold wars; or even the nineteenth century, the century of European world hegemony. Here we will study certain of the historical ways in which these destinies were intertwined; in this way we may distinguish more valid modes of tracing large-scale history and of comparing the societies involved in it, from a number of popular but unsound modes of trying to do so. I shall speak mostly of the ages before modern times, noting only briefly at the end of the paper certain crucial ways in which modern interrelations among human societies have been different from earlier ones.

The Pulsating Flow Field in a Mixed Flow Turbocharger Turbine: An Experimental and Computational Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Palfreyman ◽  
R. F. Martinez-Botas
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Pulsating Flow ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Numerical Code ◽  
Turbine Stage ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Exhaust Valves

The turbine stage of an automotive pulse system turbocharger is subjected to an unsteady pulsating flow field due to the rapid opening and closing of the reciprocating engine exhaust valves. This leads to a complex and highly disturbed flow field within the delivery volute and turbine passages, which results in an unusual “hysteresis” type performance characteristic. The aim of this paper is to investigate the flow field within the turbine stage under these representative conditions, using a computational method validated against experimental data. This paper is separated into two sections. The first deals with the validation of the numerical code and modeling approach. A mesh dependency study is undertaken with cell discretization ranging 200,000, 850,000, and 1,750,000 cells, where the accuracy is assessed through comparison with experimental performance and flow field measurements. The second part presents an investigation of the flow field under pulse conditions. Time accurate spectra of turbine performance and flow properties at various locations in the turbine stage are presented, as well as contour plots of velocity within a turbine passage at two critical positions during the pulse period.

VOLUNTARY SERVICE AND STATE HONOURS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOBIAS HARPER
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Public Image ◽  
British Politics ◽  
World War ◽  
Voluntary Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First World ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe importance of the honours system as an institution in British politics and public life has frequently been underestimated. At the end of the First World War, the British government prioritized voluntary service to the state as an area which the honours system should reward more than others through the newly created Order of the British Empire. However, after the war the Order changed to focus more on civil servants, soldiers, and the broad category of ‘local service’. The latter could include volunteers, but more often did not. Various attempts to democratize honours through reforms from the 1960s focused on rewarding a wider range of service. The most successful of these was John Major's honours reform programme in 1993, which returned volunteer service to the forefront of the public image of honours. While these reforms were not as egalitarian as they seemed, they were successful because they integrated an ideology of crown honours with the other functions of the modern monarchy and opened up the honours system to a wider potential set of recipients. At the same time, they maintained a hierarchical structure that meant that elites who had traditionally enjoyed the exclusivity of high honours continued to do so.

The Synthesis of Rock Textures in Chinese Landscape Painting

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Der-Lor Way ◽  
Zen-Chung Shih
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Painting ◽  
Chinese Landscape Painting
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