Subliminal Response Priming in Mixed Reality: The Ecological Validity of a Classic Paradigm of Perception

Subliminal stimuli can affect perception, decision-making, and action without being accessible to conscious awareness. Most evidence supporting this notion has been obtained in highly controlled laboratory conditions. Hence, its generalization to more realistic and ecologically valid contexts is unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of subliminal cues in an immersive navigation task using the so-called eXperience Induction Machine (XIM), a human accessible mixed-reality system. Subjects were asked to navigate through a maze at high speed. At irregular intervals, one group of subjects was exposed to subliminal aversive stimuli using the masking paradigm. We hypothesized that these stimuli would bias decision-making. Indeed, our results confirm this hypothesis and indicate that a subliminal channel of interaction exists between the user and the XIM. These results are relevant in our understanding of the bandwidth of communication that can be established between humans and their physical and social environment, thus opening up to new and powerful methods to interface humans and artefacts.

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Influence of COVID-19 Epidemic on the Decision-making Process for Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Removal

10.21203/rs.3.rs-468659/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chi Wang ◽

Jin Xiao ◽

jingyuan yang

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

High Speed ◽

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Third Molar ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Impacted Mandibular Third Molar ◽

Mandibular Third Molar ◽

Tooth Extractions ◽

The Impact

Abstract BackgroundSince December 2019, an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has swept through the world and has had a significant impact on dental services. Methods: In this study, from April 21 to April 28, 2020, a questionnaire survey was taken by a self-made questionnaire in order to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the decision-making process for impacted mandibular third molar removal and related clinical teaching. The Wenjuanxing software was used as a survey platform to survey oral clinicians engaged in the extraction of mandibular third molars. ResultsA total of 321 valid questionnaires were returned in this study. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that 22.4% of clinicians were temporarily not performing tooth extractions in outpatient clinics, and 50.2% of clinicians were temporarily not performing impacted tooth extractions. The main reason cited was that “Aerosol-generating high-speed handpieces were not recommended to be used during the pandemic.” During the pandemic, the surgical handpiece with copious saline irrigation was the main method used for bone removal; the hammer-and-chisel method was considered to be too traumatic and posed too high a risk of iatrogenic injury.ConclusionThe implementation of epidemic control measures during the novel COVID-19 pandemic significantly affects clinical decision making regarding impacted mandibular third molar extractions, the main reason cited was the contraindication to using aerosol-generating high-speed handpieces. The hammer and chisel method may represent a valuable surgical application under the requirements for epidemic prevention and control.

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Examining the Impact of Training and Feedback on Visualization-Supported Decision Making under Uncertainty

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1541931218621329 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 1449-1453

Author(s):

Jihye Song ◽

Olivia B. Newton ◽

Stephen M. Fiore ◽

Jonathan Coad ◽

Jared Clark ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Critical Role ◽

Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽

Cognitive Efficiency ◽

Training Interventions ◽

Complex Decision Making ◽

Complex Decision ◽

Task Training ◽

The Impact

Empirical evaluations of uncertainty visualizations often employ complex experimental tasks to ensure ecological validity. However, if training for such tasks is not sufficient for naïve participants, differences in performance could be due to the visualizations or to differences in task comprehension, making interpretation of findings problematic. Research has begun to assess how training is related to performance on decision-making tasks using uncertainty visualizations. This study continues this line of research by investigating how training, in general, and feedback, in particular, affect performance on a simulated resource allocation task. Additionally, we examined how this alters metacognition and workload to produce differences in cognitive efficiency. Our results suggest that, on a complex decision-making task, training plays a critical role in performance with respect to accuracy, subjective workload, and cognitive efficiency. This study has implications for improving research on complex decision making, and for designing more efficacious training interventions to assess uncertainty visualizations.

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The impact of cognitive biases on professional decision-making: A review of four occupational areas

10.31219/osf.io/rdv73 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vincent Berthet

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Cognitive Biases ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Research Gaps ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Finance Law ◽

The Impact ◽

False Idea

The author reviewed the research on the impact of cognitive biases on professional decision-making in four occupational areas (management, finance, law, and medicine). Two main findings emerged. First, the literature reviewed shows that professionals in these four areas are prone to cognitive biases. Framing, overconfidence, and anchoring are the most recurrent biases over the areas covered. Second, the level of evidence supporting the claim that cognitive biases impact professional decision-making differs across the areas covered. Research in finance relied primarily upon secondary data while research in medicine and law relied mainly upon primary data from vignette studies (both levels of evidence are found in management). Two research gaps are highlighted. The first one is a potential lack of ecological validity of the findings from vignette studies, which are numerous. The second is the neglect of individual differences in cognitive biases, which might lead to the false idea that all professionals are susceptible to biases, to the same extent. To address that issue, we suggest that reliable, specific measures of cognitive biases (which items are adapted to the context in which a particular decision is made) need to be improved or developed.

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The Impact of Cognitive Biases on Professionals’ Decision-Making: A Review of Four Occupational Areas

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.802439 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Vincent Berthet

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Biases ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Research Gaps ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

The Impact ◽

False Idea

The author reviewed the research on the impact of cognitive biases on professionals’ decision-making in four occupational areas (management, finance, medicine, and law). Two main findings emerged. First, the literature reviewed shows that a dozen of cognitive biases has an impact on professionals’ decisions in these four areas, overconfidence being the most recurrent bias. Second, the level of evidence supporting the claim that cognitive biases impact professional decision-making differs across the areas covered. Research in finance relied primarily upon secondary data while research in medicine and law relied mainly upon primary data from vignette studies (both levels of evidence are found in management). Two research gaps are highlighted. The first one is a potential lack of ecological validity of the findings from vignette studies, which are numerous. The second is the neglect of individual differences in cognitive biases, which might lead to the false idea that all professionals are susceptible to biases, to the same extent. To address that issue, we suggest that reliable, specific measures of cognitive biases need to be improved or developed.

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Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000195 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 107-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Klea Faniko ◽

Till Burckhardt ◽

Oriane Sarrasin ◽

Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽

Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Organizational Performance ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Perceived Threat ◽

Preferential Treatment ◽

Public Sector Employees ◽

Different Types ◽

Low Levels ◽

Women In Decision Making ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

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