Review of Russian scientific researches on Сhinese law of public finance

The article provides a systematic review of the scientific works of Russian legal scholars in the field of public finance law in China, in particular tax, budget and currency law. Today, it is premature to talk about fully functioning schools of Chinese law in the Russian legal science. However, at the same time there are examples of successfully conducted fundamental researches on Chinese public finance law. Authors have to admit that the last few years have not been marked by the appearance of any monograph on Chinese public finance law in Russia – the studies conducted today are usually devoted to specific problems and are published on the pages of the relevant journals. There are obvious reasons for this – difficulties in Chinese language learning and understanding specific Chinese legislation, which is characterized by uncertainty, ambiguity and plurality of sources of law. Existing studies can be classified into studies entirely devoted to the study of particular institutions or branches of Chinese law, and studies of a comparative nature. The article examines and systematizes the work of Soviet and Russian legal scholars devoted to various areas of research in the fields of tax, budget and currency law of China, with an assessment of their significance and contribution to the development of the relevant branch of knowledge. The materials in this article may be useful for future researches, which, in turn, can predetermine the strengthening of bilateral relations, as well as the implementation of joint investment projects. The article allows to identify unexplored areas in the considered field, thereby laying the foundation for future research. Authors note research issues that seem to be perspective based on the conducted review.

Smart Payment Contract Mechanism Based on Blockchain Smart Contract Mechanism

In recent years, blockchain technology has become a hot topic in various industries. With the development and maturity of blockchain technology, it has been applied to finance, law, etc., with its advantages of decentralization, openness, information security, and concealment. The application scenarios of industry are becoming more and more abundant. Compared with the traditional TPA payment contract form, the smart contract mechanism based on blockchain technology is obviously more efficient, convenient, and safe. Against this background, we design a smart payment contract suitable for cloud storage by studying Ethereum. The relationship clause in the smart payment contract should be regulated around the contract law. The smart contract payment linkage clause can be classified into three forms, including conditional effective type, contract joint type, and contract link type, which correspond to the contract law. Therefore, the contract legal system for smart contract payment linkage clauses should follow typified thinking. Based on blockchain technology, smart contracts not only reduce the number of interactions in contract execution but also allow users to stop paying for cloud services when data is lost or damaged. The precise method is to generate each node with a private chain and place the smart contract on the private chain. With the decentralization of the blockchain private chain, the advantages of read-only data, and traceability of information, the storage of smart payment contract data is more secure. Both parties to the transaction are more trustworthy. Therefore, the proposed system has a safe and efficient smart contract payment mechanism, which brings a good user experience to users, which proves the significance and value of this research.

Pengaturan Pengelolaan Dan Pengawasan Keuangan Negara Terhadap Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)

Badan Usaha Milik Negara atau BUMN merupakan salah satu badan usaha berbentuk perusahaan yang dimiliki oleh negara yang seluruh atau sebagian besar modalnya dimiliki oleh negara melalui penyertaan secara langsung yang berasal dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan. Problematika yaitu adanya konflik hukum atau disharmonisasi antar peraturan perundang-undangan terkait pola pengawasan pada BUMN tersebut, utamanya pada pengelolaan keuangan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah normatif, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memberikan argumentasi hukum. Adapun pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan (Statute Approach) dan Pendekatan Kasus (Case Approach). Penelitian ini menghasilkan Pertama, berdasarkan konflik hukum yang ada sangat penting untuk membuat aturan terkait penyertaan modal negara yang sudah dilaksanakan terhadap BUMN. Kedua, ketidakpastian hukum karena perbedaan istilah BUMN antara Undang-Undang Keuangan Negara dengan Undang-Undang BUMN perlu ditegaskan kembali terkait BUMN sebenarnya berstatus negeri atau swasta.Kata kunci: Pengelolaan Keuangan Negara, Pengawasan BUMN ABSTRACTState Owned Enterprises or BUMN are business entities in the form of companies owned by the state whose entire or most of the capital is owned by the state through direct investment originating from separated state assets. The problem is that there is a legal conflict or disharmony between laws and regulations related to the supervision pattern in the BUMN, especially in financial management. The research method used is normative, this research was conducted with the aim of providing legal arguments. The research approach used is the statutory approach and the case approach. This research results first, based on the existing legal conflicts, it is very important to make rules related to the participation of state capital that have been implemented for SOEs. Second, legal uncertainty due to the difference in the term BUMN between the State Finance Law and the BUMN Law needs to be reaffirmed regarding BUMN actually having a public or private status.Keywords: State Financial Management, BUMN Suprvision

STRATEGIES DES ACTEURS FACE A L’ENREGISTREMENT DES CONVENTIONS DE VENTE DES TERRES A L’AGENCE NATIONALE DU DOMAINE ET DU FONCIER AU BENIN / STAKEHOLDERS’ STRATEGIES WITH REGARD TO THE REGISTRATION OF LAND SALE AGREEMENTS AT THE “AGENCE NATIONALE DU DOMAINE ET DU FONCIER”, BÉNIN

Dans une logique de sécurisation foncière en République du Bénin, l’Etat a créé, conformément au code foncier et domanial, une agence d’enregistrement des conventions de vente des terres et de délivrance du certificat foncier. En raison de l’application de la loi des finances à partir de janvier 2020, les propriétaires terriens ont été contraints d’enregistrer leurs actes fonciers jusqu’au 31 décembre 2019, période de grâce après laquelle les enregistrements devront être payants. Cette réforme foncière, au lieu d’être favorablement accueillie par toutes les catégories sociales, se voit opposer des stratégies de contournement de la part des propriétaires terriens. En postulant que les stratégies mises en avant pour contourner le dispositif légal d’enregistrement des conventions de vente des terres sont co-construites avec les acteurs institutionnels habilités à appliquer les textes, ce papier tente d’analyser cette situation paradoxale. Pour y parvenir, l’observation participante et l’entretien individuel semi-structuré réalisé avec 10 acteurs sélectionnés de façon raisonnée ont été utilisés. Les données empiriques collectées ont été traitées à l’aide de l’analyse de contenu et de la triangulation. Les résultats, analysés avec la théorie du contournement et du jeux des acteurs, révèlent que les acquéreurs de parcelles et les propriétaires de terres développement des stratégies de contournement du dispositif légal d’enregistrement des conventions de vente pour minimiser les coûts qu’implique l’application de la loi des finances 2020. Ce contournement est facilité par les acteurs institutionnels à charge de l’opérationnalisation de la réforme foncière ; ce qui conduit à l’inachèvement juridique en matière d’application du code foncier et domanial. With a view to securing land tenure in the Republic of Benin, the State has created, in accordance with the land and state code, an agency for the registration of agreements for the sale of land and for the issuance of the land certificate. Due to the application of the finance law from January 2020, landowners were forced to register their land deeds until December 31, 2019, a grace period after which registrations must be paid. This land reform, instead of being favorably received by all social categories, is opposed by circumvention strategies on the part of the landowners. By postulating that the strategies put forward to bypass the legal system for registering land sale agreements are co-constructed with the institutional actors empowered to apply the texts, this paper attempts to analyze this paradoxical situation. To achieve this, participant observation and semi-structured individual interview carried out with 10 actors selected in a reasoned manner were used. The empirical data collected was processed using content analysis and triangulation. The results, analyzed with the theory of circumvention and the game of actors, reveal that the purchasers of plots and the owners of land develop strategies of circumvention of the legal device of recording of the agreements of sale to minimize the costs involved application of the 2020 finance law. This circumvention is facilitated by the institutional actors responsible for the operationalization of the land reform; which leads to legal incompleteness in the application of the land and state code. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0873/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Penggunaan Dinar Emas dalam Urusan Perniagaan Mengikut Perspektif Perundangan di Malaysia & Indonesia

Dinar emas merupakan mata wang logam yang berbentuk kepingan syiling emas. Pertikaian mengenai penggunaan dinar emas mula dibangkitkan ekoran daripada kejatuhan nilai mata wang negara-negara ASEAN pada tahun 1998. Penggunaan dinar emas ini dikatakan tidak terdedah kepada spekulasi berbanding mata wang kertas kerana emas sentiasa mempunyai nilai, malah, dinar emas boleh digunakan sebagai kredit bagi pembayaran dua hala. Namun begitu, sehingga kini masih belum ada lagi peruntukkan perundangan yang diwujudkan bagi mengetengahkan isu penggunaan dinar emas sebagai pengganti wang kertas bagi setiap jenis transaksi perniagaan. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti undang-undang yang bersesuaian yang boleh diwujudkan terhadap penggunaan dinar emas di Malaysia. Dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif iaitu analisis data penyelidikan melalui kajian kepustakaan dan kajian soal selidik. Hasil dapatan kajian ini adalah bahawa penerimaan penggunaan dinar emas di Kelantan membuktikan dinar emas sesuai digunakan di Malaysia jika penggunaannya dilakukan secara menyeluruh di Malaysia. Salah satu cara yang boleh dilakukan untuk mengaplikasikan penggunaan dinar emas ialah dengan melaksanakan mekanisme sandaran nilai dinar emas bagi tujuan penstabilan mata wang di peringkat dunia. Dicadangkan juga bagi kajian masa hadapan untuk memfokuskan kepada mewujudkan peruntukan perundangan yang baru atau penambahan bahagian khas dalam akta-akta yang sedia ada mengenai pengamalan dinar emas. The dispute over the use of gold dinar was raised due to the fall of the ASEAN’s currencies in 1998. Yet, no speculation in the currency when involve with gold dinar. This is due to the gold’s currency will always have value in the market. The usage of gold dinar can also be apply in credit for bilateral transactions. However, there is no legal provision created to highlight the issue on usage of gold dinar as a substitute for a banknote in business transaction. This study is aimed to identify the appropriate laws related to gold dinar in Malaysia. The methodology used is based on data analysis through library research which focused on theme such as Islamic Finance law, and the usage of gold dinar on comercial transaction in Malaysia & Indonesia. The findings show that the usage of gold dinar in Kelantan is accepted and prove to be suitable usage in Malaysia. Another ways to apply the usage of gold dinar is to implement a reserved gold value mechanism for the purpose of stabilizing the world currency. It is also recommended for future studies to explore new legal provisions in the existing statutes on the usage of gold dinar.