Impact of Embryonic Vocalizations On the Incubation Behaviour of Eared Grebes

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Brua
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Podiceps Nigricollis ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Egg Turning

AbstractTwo experiments were performed during the summers of 1991 and 1992 to determine whether embryonic vocalizations cause changes in the behaviour of adult eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) during late incubation. In Experiment 1, a vocalizing egg was substituted in 14 nests, two days before the first egg in that nest was to begin vocalizing. Parents reduced the amount of rising and resettling and the time spent off the nest while incubating and increased the frequency of egg turning, nest building, and percent of time the 'off-duty' parent spent near the nest. Only nest builds per h in the pre-peep period differed between the sexes in Experiment 1. For Experiment 2, the incubation period was extended by two days. At that time a vocalizing egg was substituted in 15 nests. Males reduced the amount of rising and resettling, whereas there was no difference between periods for females. Males and females reduced the amount of time spent off the nest while incubating. Egg turns per h, nest builds per h, and the percent time the off-duty parent spent near the nest increased for both sexes. No differences between males and females were detected except for egg turns per h during the peeping egg stage of Experiment 2. Parents also brought food to the nest in response to embryonic vocalizations. The behavioural changes by eared grebes during late incubation appear to be due to embryonic vocalizations. Several changes in behaviour are consistent with the care-soliciting hypothesis, such as reduction in exposure time of the embryo and possibly shortening of the incubation time of the embryo by an increased egg turning rate. Presenting food at the nest and possible acceptance of the young are further adaptive features of embryonic vocalizations.

Incubation and Nest-Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls

Behaviour ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 189-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Reproductive Season ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
External Control ◽  
Parental Behaviour ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Natural Situation ◽  
Incubation Pattern

Abstract(1) Parental behaviour, and its development from incubation behaviour during the reproductive season, is described. (2) Day to day observations of the natural situation showed that elements of the incubation pattern persist throughout the post-hatching period but progressively decline in quantity, duration and completeness. (3) Substitution of eggs for chicks also showed that the readiness to show incubation responses in a standard incubation situation declines progressively during the post-hatching period. (4) A certain amount of experience with hatched chicks renders Black-headed Gulls incapable of immediately returning to sustained incubation behaviour if the conditions of the incubation period are restored. (5) Failure of the eggs to hatch results in extension of the incubation behaviour period beyond the normal time. (6) Premature introduction of hatched chicks in the nests of incubating gulls can cause the gulls to switch to parental behaviour and so end the incubation behaviour period before the normal time. (7) The timing of the change from incubation to parental behaviour is thus mainly a matter of external control. (8) Certain of the relationships found to hold between responses having an incubation function and responses having a nest-building function in the earlier phases also hold in the post-hatching period.

Incubation and Nest-Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls III : the Pre-Laying Period

Behaviour ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Nest Building ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Brood Patch ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Nesting Behaviour ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Natural Situation ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Abstract(I) Elements of incubation behaviour and nest-building behaviour that are performed by Black-headed Gulls in the pre-laying period are described as they appear in the natural situation and when a model egg is placed in the nest. (2) Quantitative material is presented and shows the following:- (a) Time spent on the territory, time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, the proportion of complete settlings, the proportion of relatively long combinations of pre-settling movements, and the frequency of sideways-building all increase steadily as the date of laying draws closer. This is not true for time spent by partners together on the territory or the frequency of collecting trips. (b) Time spent on the territory, time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, and the frequency of sideways-building vary together to significant extents; this is at least partly a result of common correlation with the passing of time. Settling and sideways-building, however, remain highly significantly correlated after the effects of common correlation with all other variables are eliminated. (c) Performances of settling and sideways-building tend to occur in close temporal proximity to each other. (d) Comparison with the behaviour in the natural situation shows that presence of an egg in the pre-laying period depresses the amount of time spent on the territory somewhat but increases the amount of time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, and the frequency of sideways-building. Frequency of collecting trips and amounts of time partners were together on the territory were not affected by presence of the model egg. Presence of an egg in the nest is almost a necessary condition for performance of shifting and quivering in the pre-laying period. (e) Most collecting trips are performed when the partners are together on the territory. This is not true for settling or sideways-building. (f) Males perform more settlings, more sideways-building movements, more collecting trips, and spend more time sitting in the nest than females but the partners spend more or less equal amounts of time on the territory. (g) The evidence suggests that sideways-building has more causal affinity with settling and sitting in the nest than with collecting trips. (3) A sample of brood-patch and gonad measurements from birds found at different stages of the pre-laying period indicate that, in both males and females, defeathering of the brood patches begins some time before eggs are laid, and that changes in these structures may develop parallel with, and be implicated in, the changes in sitting and nesting behaviour in the pre-laying period.

Inverse changes in plasma prolactin and LH concentrations in female canaries after disruption and reinitiation of incubation

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Goldsmith ◽  
S. Burke ◽  
J. M. Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Stimulus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Incubating Birds ◽  
Egg Removal ◽  
Female Canaries

ABSTRACT Prolactin and LH concentrations were measured in the plasma of female canaries sampled during the breeding cycle and after disruption and reinitiation of incubation behaviour. The late incubation period was characterized by low LH and high prolactin concentrations, and canaries separated from their nests at this stage showed an increase in LH and a decline in prolactin within 3 h. In one experiment mean (±s.e.m.) concentrations before and 24 h after nest deprivation were: prolactin 397 ± 86 and 18 ± 5 μg/l; LH 1·04±0·21 and 2·03±0·17 μg/l. Female canaries which abandoned their nests after the eggs had been removed also showed an increase in LH together with a fall in prolactin 24 h after egg removal. When nest-deprived canaries were allowed to resume incubation, plasma prolactin increased again within 5 h and after 2 days had reached levels normal for incubating birds (398± 46 μg/l). Concentrations of LH changed more gradually but had decreased 2 days after the resumption of incubation. Thus prolactin and LH show inverse changes after the disruption and reinitiation of incubation behaviour; it is not clear, however, if the change in one is dependent on the other or if both hormones are responding to the same external stimulus. J. Endocr. (1984) 103, 251–256

Effect of Temperature on Incubation Time for Spontaneous Morphology Change in Electrodeposited Copper Metallization

2005 ◽  
Vol 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ahmed ◽  
D.N. Buckley ◽  
S. Nakahara ◽  
Y. Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Annealing Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Copper Metallization ◽  
Morphology Change ◽  
A Value

AbstractA systematic investigation of the effect of annealing time and temperature on the incubation period for spontaneous morphology change (SMC) in electrodeposited copper metallization is reported. The incubation time is greatly reduced at higher temperatures. At each temperature, the remaining incubation time at room temperature was found to decrease approximately linearly with increasing annealing time. An Arhennius plot of the measured rates of decrease showed good linearity and yielded a value of 0.48 eV for the activation energy. This is consistent with a vacancy diffusion mechanism for the process occurring during the incubation period and supports our proposed mechanism for SMC.

scholarly journals Effect of Antifungal Therapy Timing on Mortality in Cancer Patients with Candidemia

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Taur ◽  
Nina Cohen ◽  
Sarah Dubnow ◽  
Alla Paskovaty ◽  
Susan K. Seo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Antifungal Therapy ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Apache Iii ◽  
Blood Culture Positivity

ABSTRACT Prior studies have shown that delays in treatment are associated with increased mortality in patients with candidemia. The purpose of this study was to measure three separate time periods comprising the diagnosis and treatment of candidemia and to determine which one(s) is associated with hospital mortality. Patients with blood cultures positive for Candida spp. were identified. Subjects were excluded if no antifungal therapy was given or if there was preexisting antifungal therapy. Collected data included the time from blood culture collection to positivity (incubation period), the time from blood culture positivity to provider notification (provider notification period), and the time from provider notification to the first dose of antifungal given (antifungal initiation period). These times were assessed as predictors of inpatient mortality. A repeat analysis was done with adjustments for age, sex, race, underlying cancer, catheter removal, APACHE III score, acute renal failure, neutropenia, and non-Candida albicans species. A total of 106 episodes of candidemia were analyzed. The median incubation time was 32.1 h and was associated with mortality (univariate hazard ratio per hour, 1.025; P = 0.001). The median provider notification and antifungal initiation periods were 0.3 and 7.5 h, respectively, and were not associated with mortality. Adjusted analysis yielded similar results. For cancer patients with candidemia, the incubation period accounts for a significant amount of time, compared with the provider notification and antifungal initiation times, and is associated with in-hospital mortality. Strategies to shorten the incubation time, such as utilizing rapid molecularly based diagnostic methods, may help reduce in-hospital mortality.

Testosterone concentrations in chicken gonads and plasma during the peri-etching period

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
I Motelica-Heino
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Left Ovary ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sampling Times

In chick embryos of the black sex-link strain, the concentration of testosterone was much lower on Days 17 and 18 of the incubation period in both gonads (tests and left ovary) than on the next two days. Then, at hatch, and especially at 1 h after hatching, the concentration decreased in both gonads. Between 2 and 4 h after hatching, the concentration of T reached the highest value in each sex and then decreased progressively within the next 18 h. Concentrations on Days 19 and 20 (in both gonads) differed significantly from those on Days 17 and 18 of the incubation period, but no significant sex differences were found at these four sampling times. In newly hatched chickens, significant differences were found only between the values obtained at 1 h after hatching (in both sexes) and those from 2-4 h after hatching; no significant sex differences in T concentrations were found in gonads on Day 1 after hatch. The concentration of T in plasma from females was a little higher than in males on Day 19 of incubation, but no significant differences were found. At hatch, the concentrations were of the same order of magnitude in both sexes. At 1 and 2 h after hatching, increased values were found only in males; pooled values of these two sampling times were significantly different from those obtained either in embryos or at two periods after hatching (8-20 h and 48-68 h respectively). No significant changes occurred in T concentration in plasma from females over all these sampling times. By 3-6 h after hatching, the concentrations of T returned to near hatching concentrations in both sexes, and then decreased progressively between 8 and 68 h after hatching. No significant differences in plasma T concentrations were found between males and females, at hatch, or within the next 68 h. In red sex-link strain chickens, the concentrations of T in plasma were about the same in both sexes, at hatch and on Day 1 after hatching, but the concentrations were much lower than those recorded in black sex-link strain chickens at the same sampling times. A peak of T was found only in plasma from newly hatched male chickens of the black sex-link strain at 1-2 h after hatching but not in females, and not in red sex-link strain (of both sexes) either.

DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION OF BAND-APPLIED UREA IN SOIL FOLLOWING INCUBATION UNDER ISOTHERMAL AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENT CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. K. PANG ◽  
C. M. CHO ◽  
R. A. HEDLIN
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Urea was added as a band in the middle of 12-cm-long columns of Wellwood clay loam (pH 6.6) and the soil was incubated at constant uniform temperatures of 10, 15 and 20 C. A similar set of the soil samples was incubated in columns which had a temperature of 23 C at one end and 8.5 C at the other end. At uniform temperatures the rate of disappearance of ammonium and the formation of nitrate from the banded urea was found to increase with increasing temperature. Nitrite was found to accumulate during the incubation period but disappeared with the prolonged incubation at 15 and 20 C. At 10 C incubation, the maximum nitrite accumulation occurred at 12 wk, the longest incubation time used. Various ionic species, NH4+, NO2− and NO3− were found to be nearly symmetrically distributed from the point of placement. When the soil was incubated under a temperature gradient, NO3− and to a lesser degree NH4+ accumulated near the end of the column.

scholarly journals Effect of exposure time of pregnant females guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters, in 17a-methyltestosterone solution on sex ratio of their offsprings

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
M. Zairin Junior ◽  
A. Yunianti ◽  
R.R.S.P.S. Dewi ◽  
Kusman Sumawidjaja
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Water Flea ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Males And Females

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>This experiment was carried out to study the effect of female broodstocks immersion in 17amethyltestosterone (MT) solution on sex ratio of their offspring, Three-months old males and females were paired to mate in aquaria for four days.  Broodstocks were fed with frozen blood worm and water flea 2-3 tii-nes daily.  Twelve days after mating, female broodstock were treated by immersing in 2 mg/1 MT solution for 0. 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours.  Birthed guppy babies were collected and reared separately from their parents.  During the rearing period, the babies were fed with artemia nauplius and silkworm until identification for male and female.  Percentage of female offspring in control group were higher than those of male.  Exposure of pregnant females to MT solution for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours resulted in 42, 1'/o, 51%, 84,6%, 1 00%, dan 100% of males offspring, respectively.  The best result was obtained from 24 hours treatment.  Longer treatment duration tend to shorten time interval between treatment and birth. Key words :  Guppy, 17(x-methyltestosterone, exposure time, broodstock immersion, sex ratio   ABSTRAK Penefitian ini bertuiuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama waktu perendaman induk di dalam larutan hormon 17a-metiltestosteron (MT) terhadap nisbah kelamin ikan gapi.  Induk Ikan gapi berumur tiga bulan dikawinkan berpasangan di dalam akuarium selama empat hari Induk diberi pakan cuk merah beku dan kutu air dengan frekuensi 2-3 kali sehari.  Dua belas hari setelah masa perkawinan, induk betina diberi perlakuan berupa perendaman di dalam larutan MT 2 mg/1 selama 0 (kontrol), 6, 12, 24, dan 48 jam.  Anak-anak ikan gapi yang baru lahir dipelihara terpisah dari induknya.  Selama masa pemeliharaan, anak ikan gapi diberi pakan nauplius artemia dan cacing rambut.  Pemeliharaan berlangsung sampai jenis kelamin anak ikan gapi dapat diidentifikasi.  Persentase anak ikan gapi betina pada semua ulangan kontrol lebih tinggi daripada .iantan dengan perbandingan persentase rata-rata 57,9%: 42,1%.  Adapun pada lama waktu perendaman 0, 6, 12, 24, dan 48 jam, menghasilkan persentase anak ikan gapi berfenotip jantan berturut-turut sebesar 42,1%, 51%, 84,6%, 100%, dan 100%.  Lama waktu perendaman terbaik adalah 24 jam.  Selain itu terdapat kecenderungan bahwa semakin lama waktu perendaman semakin cepat kelahirannya. Kata kunci :  Ikan gapi, 17ot-metiltestosteron, lama perendaman, perendaman induk, nisbah kelamin</p>

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