Presence of the cerambycid beetles Psacothea hilaris and Monochamus alternatus affecting the life cycle strategy of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritoshi Maehara ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Life Cycle Strategy ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerambycid Beetles

AbstractAlthough fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (JIV) of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode (PWN), developed in the presence of both Monochamus alternatus and Psacothea hilaris, the numbers and the percentage of JIV were far higher in the presence of the former than of the latter. JIV first appeared 7 days after pupation of M. alternatus and the number increased from the day of beetle eclosion to the third day thereafter, then remained stable. We conclude that the presence of specific vectors affects both the life history of the PWN and the numbers of nematodes carried by vectors emerging from killed pine trees.

Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Infective Larva ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cutaneous Blood ◽  
Fourth Stage Larva

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.

scholarly journals Study of symptoms and gene expression in four Pinus species after pinewood nematode infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albina R. Franco ◽  
Carla Santos ◽  
Mariana Roriz ◽  
Rui Rodrigues ◽  
Marta R. M. Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Genomic Results ◽  
Avirulent Isolate

Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, is originating severe infections in pine trees. The disease is detected when external symptoms appear (e.g. needle chlorosis), but trees could remain asymptomatic for long periods and serve as a long-term host. The primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of inoculation with an avirulent isolate of B. xylophilus (C14-5) on different Pinus spp. seedlings (P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinea and P. pinaster). At the same time, seedlings were also inoculated with a virulent strain, HF, in order to compare the phenotypic and genomic results of the two types of inoculations. The effect of inoculation was determined in terms of expression of various Pinus genes potentially involved in the response to the disease.The results suggest that P. pinea and P. nigra are more resistant to infection by the nematode than P. sylvestris and P. pinaster. The phenotypic and genetic differences were more marked among P. pinea and P. pinaster.

scholarly journals Promoting Effect of Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase Gene (pcyt-1) on Departure of Pinewood Nematode from Monochamus alternatus

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Mingxia Jin ◽  
Lichao Wang ◽  
Ailin Yu ◽  
Guai Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Internal Factor ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Lipid Degradation ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Lipid Granules ◽  
Choline Phosphate

In order to study the key gene in internal causes of pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a departure from its vector beetle, Monochamus alternatus, we collected PWNs extracted from newly emerged M. alternatus and beetles 7 days after emergence. The total RNAs of the two groups of PWNs were extracted, transcriptomes sequencing was performed, and gene expression differences between the two groups of PWN were analyzed. It was found that the expression of the choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase gene (pcyt-1) was markedly up-regulated. After inhibition of pcyt-1 expression by RNA interference, the rate of lipid degradation in PWN decreased significantly, and the motility of PWN also decreased significantly. The analysis identified that phosphatidylcholine could promote the emulsification and degradation of neutral lipid granules in PWN, which provides sufficient energy for PWN departure from M. alternatus. The up-regulation of the gene pcyt-1 is an important internal factor for PWN departure from its vector.

Boarding abilities of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus and B. xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Jikumaru ◽  
Katsumi Togashi
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Mucronatus ◽  
Initial Load ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Bursaphelenchus mucronatus is closely related to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Both nematodes are transmitted between host pine trees as the fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (JIV) by insect vectors. After the invasion of Japan by B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus, native to Japan, appears to have been replaced in the pine forests during the spread of the disease. To help understand this species replacement, the number of JIV carried by an insect vector (the initial nematode load) was compared between the two nematode species by using the beetle, Monochamus alternatus, in the laboratory. The initial load of B. mucronatus was significantly smaller than that of B. xylophilus although the number of third-stage dispersal juveniles (JIII) concentrated at the pupal chambers did not differ. Statistical analysis showed that the proportion of JIII moulting to JIV was the most important among three components explaining the difference in the initial load of B. mucronatus while the number of JIII concentrated at the pupal chamber was the most important for B. xylophilus. The phoretic affinity between the nematode and its vector is discussed in relation to its role in the species replacement.

The life history of Cooperia Pectinata Ransom

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Keith
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Infective Larva ◽  
Patent Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

Observations are reported on the morphology of the egg and infective larva, and on the development in calves of the parasitic stages of Cooperia pectinata Ransom. The third and fourth moults occurred 2 and 8 days, respectively, after infection. The pre-patent period was 13-14 days.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Its Defense Response to Host-Derived α-pinene

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxia Li ◽  
Fanli Meng ◽  
Xun Deng ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Yuqian Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Stress Reaction ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is fatal to the pine trees around the world. The production of the pine tree secondary metabolite gradually increases in response to a B. xylophilus infestation, via a stress reaction mechanism(s). α-pinene is needed to combat the early stages of B. xylophilus infection and colonization, and to counter its pathogenesis. Therefore, research is needed to characterize the underlying molecular response(s) of B. xylophilus to resist α-pinene. We examined the effects of different concentrations of α-pinene on the mortality and reproduction rate of B. xylophilus in vitro. The molecular response by which B. xylophilus resists α-pinene was examined via comparative transcriptomics of the nematode. Notably, B. xylophilus genes involved in detoxification, transport, and receptor activities were differentially expressed in response to two different concentrations of α-pinene compared with control. Our results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which B. xylophilus responds to monoterpenes in general, and the pathogenesis of B. xylophilus.

Pine chemical volatiles promote dauer recovery of a pine parasitic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yongxia Li ◽  
Long Pan ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Yuqian Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Dispersal Stage ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gradient Effects

AbstractPinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pine parasitic nematode, poses a serious threat to its host pine forests globally. When dispersal-stage larvae 4 (dauer, DL4) of B. xylophilus enters the new pine, it moults into propagative adult (dauer recovery) and reproduces quickly to kill the host pine. Here, we found pine chemical volatiles, rather than the common dauer recovery factors of nematodes (e.g. suitable temperatures, nutrient availability or density), promote B. xylophilus dauer recovery. The results showed that volatilization of chemicals in host pines could attract DL4 and promote DL4 recovery. To identify which chemicals promote this process, we determined the stimulated activity of the main volatiles of pines including six monoterpenes and two sesquiterpenes. Results showed that all the six monoterpenes promoted dauer recovery, especially β-pinene and β-myrcene, but the two sesquiterpenes have no effect on the transformation. Furthermore, β-pinene performed gradient effects on dauer recovery. We hypothesized that when DL4 infect pine trees, the pine volatiles released from the feeding wounds are used as chemical signals for DL4 transformation to adult to reproduce and rapidly kill the pines. Our study identified the B. xylophilus dauer recovery chemical signal and may contribute to preventing pine wilt disease.

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