The Challenges Faced by the Iraqi High Tribunal: The Dujail Trial

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-446
Author(s):  
Céline Folsché

AbstractFrom its creation as an "internationalized domestic tribunal" until the execution of his first sentence in the Dujail case, the Iraqi High Tribunal has been criticized by States, International as well as Non-Governmental Organizations and scholars. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the first and most expected decision of the Iraqi High Tribunal: the condemnation and execution of the former dictator Saddam Hussein.The first part of the article describes the controversy over the choice of tribunal and explains how, in the context of the multiplication of international and hybrid criminal bodies, the decision of the Iraqi government to create a domestic court with some international law elements has added fuel to the criticisms and complicated the task of the Tribunal to render justice.The second part of the article scrutinizes the Tribunal decision in the Dujail case. The International Community was eager to read how the Tribunal would deal with the exceptions to the competence raised by the defendants. Despite a very lengthy decision, the response of the Tribunal was not entirely satisfactory. Furthermore, the aspects of the merit dealing with international law precedents were quite disappointing.Finally, the third part of the article examines the legality of the death penalty. Saddam Hussein and his co-defendants were hanged immediately after a short and fast appeal procedure. Consequently, the reactions towards the execution have been strong and highly critical.

Arena Hukum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-431
Author(s):  
Husni Syam ◽  
Arinto Arinto ◽  
Eka An Aqimuddin ◽  
Erik Setiawan

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been recognized as having a significant role in the development of the international community, including in the discourse on corporate social responsibility (CSR) Recognition of the international community will relate to its position in international law The ASEAN CSR Network (ACN) is one of the NGOs in ASEAN that focus on CSR ACN position is important to discuss to see the implementation of CSR management in ASEAN This article analyses the position of ACN as a subject of international law and the function of ACN in managing CSR based on international law The research is normative combined with case study with ACN as a main research object The results obtained are ACN does not have possessed legal personality under international law or ASEAN ACN is only a legal subject under Singapore law because it was established in Singapore ACN have function as an agent which is succeed to elaborate responsible business norm within ASEAN.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Supardan Mansyur

Nowdays the status of subject of international law is one of the most controversies in international law, particularly in part of corporation (multinational entities) and non governmental organizations. Since the status of subject of international law gives entities rights and duties under international law, it is important to find out the new development in the subject of international law. The issue in this article is what is the new development on the establishment and recognition of subject of international law?. To solve the issue, this article using normative reseach with conceptual approach and historical approach. The conclusion withdrown is that The new development in the subject of international law is the debate on the establishment and recognition of corporations and Non Governmental Organization as subject of international law. The view that corporation and NGO should established as subject of international law is based on the important role those entities has played in international plane. However, regardless the important role they play, they can not considered as the subject of international law since the lack recognition from international community.


Author(s):  
Андрій Матвійчук

Сформульовано визначення поняття «міжнародна неурядова організація» (МНУО) як організоване об'єднання представників громадськості різних країн, створене відповідно до національного законодавства для досягнення цілей і завдань розвитку громадянського суспільства й міжнародних відносин, що діє відповідно до загальновизнаних принципів Уставу ООН і норм міжнародного права на території двох і більше держав і володіє консультативним статусом. З’ясовано, що видовими ознаками, які містять у собі: цілі й завдання, характер діяльності, форму організації, наявність консультативного статусу тощо визначається відмінність міжнародної НУО від інших суб'єктів міжнародних відносин. Такі родові ознаки (як от: факт об'єднання людей, наявність постійних органів управління, Статуту тощо) є загальними для всього класу (роду) організацій. Обгрунтовано, що МНУО як учасник міжнародних відносин, є суб'єктом міжнародного права, однак їх правосуб'єктність має функціональний характер, тобто обмежений її консультативним статусом. Продемонстровано, що МНУО є неофіційною сполучною ланкою між національними урядами й міжнародним співтовариством, беруть активну участь у розробці міжнародних стандартів, методів, моделей і співвідносять їхню національну значимість з міжнародно-правовою. Зазначається, що у національному законодавстві України спостерігається тенденція оптимальної розробки питань, що стосуються правового статусу МНУО з огляду на міжнародні принципи й стандарти. Водночас, не можна йти шляхом повного їхнього копіювання, оскільки держава, ґрунтуючись на своєму суспільно-історичному досвіді, досвіді функціонування правової системи, на існуючих суспільних відносинах і своїх національних інтересах, сама має право визначати правовий статус МНУО. Пропонується у змінах до закону «Про неурядові організації» відобразити основну ідею, яка полягає в тому, що неурядові організації є ядром громадянського суспільства, найважливішим фактором розвитку демократичної держави й міжнародних відносин, засобом реалізації громадянами своїх прав і свобод. Matviichuk Andriy V. Activities of international nongovernmental organizations in the legislative and legal space of Ukraine The definition of the concept of "international non-governmental organization" (international NGO) as an organized association of representatives of the public of different countries, formulated in accordance with the national legislation for the achievement of the goals and objectives of the development of civil society and international relations acting in accordance with the generally recognized principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the norms of international law on the territory of two or more states and has consultative status. It was found out that the specific features that include: goals and objectives, the nature of activity, the form of organization, the presence of consultative status, etc., is determined by the distinction of the international NGO from other subjects of international relations. Such generic attributes (such as the fact of association of people, the presence of permanent bodies of government, the Statute, etc.) are common to the entire class (kind of) organizations. It is substantiated that international NGO as a participant in international relations is a subject of international law, but their legal personality is functional, that is, limited by its consultative status. It has been demonstrated that the international NGO is an informal link between national governments and the international community and is actively involved in the development of international standards, methods, models and their national relevance with international legal law. It is noted that in the national legislation of Ukraine there is a tendency for the optimal development of issues related to the legal status of the international NGO, taking into account international principles and standards. At the same time, it is impossible to go through the full copying of them, since the state, on the basis of its socio-historical experience, the experience of functioning of the legal system, in existing social relations and its national interests, has the right to determine the legal status of the Ministry of the Interior. The proposed amendments to the law "On Non-Governmental Organizations" reflect the basic idea that non-governmental organizations are the core of civil society, the most important factor in the development of a democratic state and international relations, as a means of citizens' realization of their rights and freedoms.


Author(s):  
Scott Joanne

This chapter discusses the concept of private and quasi-private standards in the environmental domain. While many of these standards involve the labelling of compliant products, others do not. The chapter begins by defining the concept of private and quasi-private standards, examining their rise and the reasons for this. A standard is considered to be private when the document in question is adopted by one or more non-governmental entities, including for example firms, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and trade unions. Private standards may be firm- or sector-specific, or they may focus on a particular commodity such as sugar, palm oil, or soy. Meanwhile, the concept of a quasi-private standard is less clear and needs to be carefully defined. The chapter then looks at how these standards interact with international law in a variety of important ways. It also assesses the effectiveness and legitimacy of private and quasi-private standards.


2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Delerue

Since the end of the Cold War, international law has increasingly been challenged by states and other actors. Specific norms have also been challenged in their application by new realities and obstacles. This article focuses on these challenges as they arise from the development of cyberspace and cyber operations, and offers an overview of the main questions arising with regard to the application of international law to cyber operations. By analysing the application of the existing norms of international law to cyber operations as well as identifying their limits, the article offers an accurate lens through which to study the contestation or process of reinterpretation of some norms of international law. The objective of the article is not to deliver a comprehensive analysis of how the norms of international law apply to cyber operations but to provide an overview of the key points and issues linked to the applicability and application of the norms as well as elements of contextualisation, notably after the failure of the 2016–17 United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. The article comprises three parts. The first part focuses on the applicability of international law to cyber operations. The second part identifies challenges that affect the applicability and application of international law in general, while the third part analyses challenges that affect specific norms of international law, highlighting their limits in dealing with cyber threats.


Pólemos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Annalisa Ciampi

Abstract This paper explores the power of images vis-à-vis the practice and theory of international law, with a focus on rules of customary international law, i. e. the unwritten general rules of international law, that apply to all states (as well as to non-state actors falling within their scope of application), irrespective of specific acceptance. As Sherwin writes: “We are awash in images.” States, international organizations (IOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), insurgents, terrorists and other groups of individuals of all sort, are in the news and our movies, on our TV screens, newspapers, internet and social media. Modern technologies, visual digital technologies, in particular, have a profound impact on the means and speed of communications across the globe and immensely facilitate the task of seeking information of all sort. In international law, images are a means for spreading knowledge about the practice of states and other actors. As with law in general, images are also found to be a valuable resource in explicating the rules of international law. They aid and clarify the analysis of international law and the determination of the existence and content of rules of customary international law. In contemporary international settings, however, modern technologies of visual representation are also a means for influencing the development of international law, i. e. the existence and content of international norms. Moreover, looking at implementation, at no time in history has there been more information available to governments and the public about violations of international norms (particularly, but not exclusively human rights violations): more and more these violations are documented through images. Yet, international law doctrines have failed so far to comprehensively assess the power of images, beyond that of a toolkit for thick cultural description – the power of narrative – and analysis. The present essay offers a contribution in this direction.


2021 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 04008
Author(s):  
Alexander Pyanov ◽  
Elena Drannikova ◽  
Evgeny Shevchenko ◽  
Zarema Kochkarova

This article aims at analysing the financial and organizational mechanisms of the third sector, namely the non-profit organisations (NPOs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). In addition, it focuses on the sustainable development of non-profit and non-governmental organizations. The paper shows that in order to achieve sustainable development and embark upon the path of the “green economy”, NPOs and NGOs need to apply effective financial and organisational mechanisms that would also coincide with their regional priorities and socio-economic objectives that would take into account the environmental specifics and priorities of the given region. The article draws various examples and case studies from various countries and regions around the world to prove its points and provide some guidelines for relevant stakeholders and regulators.


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