Transcultural Fights: Fortification in Southeast Asian Seas during the Eighteenth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-66
Author(s):  
Pedro Luengo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
South China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The Other ◽  
China Seas ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Complete Rejection

Abstract Defensive architecture in Southeast Asian port cities during the eighteenth century is a topic never addressed from a transnational perspective. This paper aims to analyze it as a phenomenon of scientific transfer, considering fortifications as a remarkable example of “open air science.” First, it shows the complex situation among antagonistic powers in the Malay and South China seas. From here, it aims to identify the connections between Dutch and Spanish proposals in the area. One model focused on protecting sea routes, while the other was more concerned about maintaining territorial integrity. Later, it considers how local kingdoms from China or Siam to the southern sultanates addressed the problem. Here, a variety of answers have been found, ranging from a complete rejection of European solutions to qualified adaptations and wholesale adoption of them. From all these examples, it is possible to evaluate the nature of technical transfer in a transnational perspective.

Metropolitan locales, global commerce, and East Indies capital and credit in the eighteenth century

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Catterall
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The Other ◽  
Information Culture ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The North ◽  
Global Commerce ◽  
Financial Failure ◽  
Shared Information

AbstractEncompassing events from 1680 to the mid 1750s, this article examines the organization and adaptation to capital and credit crises of East Indies trade participants in two metropolitan locales – one whose core bounded the North and Baltic Seas, and the other centred around the South China Sea. It shows that in both locales commercial and governmental actors relied not only on state or company, but also on decentralized, port-based practices, institutions, and networks to solve problems and support a shared information culture. Thus, the rules of what I term ‘commercial commons’, rather than an imperial conflict, characterized many East Indies endeavours of this era. East India companies operated in multiple transnational, distributed, and port-based metropolitan locales for their access to capital and credit, and to police financial failure.

scholarly journals A proposed relationship between Champa and Chola dynasties during the 11th and 13th centuries: A view from the historical sources and artistic evidences | Về mối quan hệ khả hữu giữa các vương triều Champa và Chola trong thế kỷ 11 đến 13: Nhìn nhận từ những cứ liệu lịch sử và nghệ thuật

SPAFA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ky Phuong Tran ◽  
Thi Tu Anh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
South India ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
New Construction ◽  
The Temple

New construction technology and new aesthetic trends are emphasized as the characteristics of Chola influence which have been adapted in Cham religious architecture. The temple architecture and sculptures of Champa thus provide the best information on reflecting the pinnacle of Champa art dating from the 11th and 13th centuries CE. Champa became a center for transportation with its prosperous port-cities/port-polities expressing demand for import-export commodities, especially the trade between South India and South China. The Champa kingdom had thus been one of the main bridges for Chola art to reach Southeast Asian states which was achieved through the commercial perspective and religious art. Kiến trúc tôn giáo Champa từng tiếp thu những đặc điểm của Chola mà tiêu biểu là kỹ thuật xây dựng và xu hướng nghệ thuật. Kiến trúc và điêu khắc đền-tháp Champa hàm chứa những thông tin tốt nhất về thời kỳ hưng thịnh của vương quốc từ thế kỷ 11 đến 13 trong mối quan hệ văn hóa với Chola. Champa từng là một trung tâm vận chuyển với hệ thống cảng-thị phát triển, có khả năng đáp ứng được các nhu cầu xuất nhập khẩu hàng hóa cao cấp, đặc biệt trong mối giao thương giữa vùng Nam Ấn và Hoa Nam, do đó vương quốc duyên hải này đã giữ vai trò là cầu nối cho nghệ thuật Chola phổ biến ở Đông Nam Á, thành quả này được phản ảnh qua lăng kính của các mối quan hệ hải thương cũng như các công trình nghệ thuật tôn giáo.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anh Q. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Vietnamese Studies

The Introduction gives the background of the significance of translating and study of the text Errors of the Three Religions. The history of the development of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism in Vietnam from their beginning until the eighteenth century is narrated. Particular attention is given to the different manners in which the Three Religions were taken up by nobles and literati, on the one hand, and commoners, on the other. The chapter also presents the pragmatic approach to religion taken by the Vietnamese, which was in part responsible for the receptivity of the Vietnamese to Christianity. The significance of the discovery of Errors and its impact on Vietnamese studies are also discussed.

The Musical Topic of the Mass in B Minor

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Melamed
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Sacred Music ◽  
The Other ◽  
Entire Spectrum ◽  
Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palestrina ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

If there is a fundamental musical subject of Johann Sebastian Bach’s Mass in B Minor, a compositional problem the work explores, it is the tension between two styles cultivated in church music of Bach’s time. One style was modern and drew on up-to-date music such as the instrumental concerto and the opera aria. The other was old-fashioned and fundamentally vocal, borrowing and adapting the style of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, his sixteenth-century contemporaries, and his seventeenth-century imitators. The movements that make up Bach’s Mass can be read as exploring the entire spectrum of possibilities offered by these two styles (the modern and the antique), ranging from movements purely in one or the other to a dazzling variety of ways of combining the two. The work illustrates a fundamental opposition in early-eighteenth-century sacred music that Bach confronts and explores in the Mass.

Natives, Religion, and Race in Colonial America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linford D. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Religion And Race ◽  
Racial Lines ◽  
Modern Sense ◽  
Over Time

Although racial lines eventually hardened on both sides, in the opening decades of colonization European and native ideas about differences between themselves and the other were fluid and dynamic, changing on the ground in response to local developments and experiences. Over time, perceived differences were understood to be rooted in more than just environment and culture. In the eighteenth century, bodily differences became the basis for a wider range of deeper, more innate distinctions that, by the nineteenth century, hardened into what we might now understand to be racialized differences in the modern sense. Despite several centuries of dispossession, disease, warfare, and enslavement at the hands of Europeans, native peoples in the Americans almost universally believed the opposite to be true. The more indigenous Americans were exposed to Europeans, the more they believed in the vitality and superiority of their own cultures.

A Comparison of Wolff’s and Kant’s Receptions of Emanuel Swedenborg

Kant-Studien ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Laura Follesa
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian Wolff ◽  
Emanuel Swedenborg ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
The One

Abstract Kant’s Dreams of a Spirit-Seer (1766) did not provide the sole perspective through which Emanuel Swedenborg’s work was known in Germany in the eighteenth century. Before Kant, another German philosopher was interested in Swedenborg from a completely different perspective: Christian Wolff. On the one hand, this paper analyzes the meaning of Wolff’s anonymous reviews of Swedenborg’s early writings published in Acta Eruditorum, the authorship of which was only recently discovered, in order to show Swedenborg’s intertwinement with German scholars during the 1720s. On the other, I juxtapose Kant’s and Wolff’s evaluations of Swedenborg’s work at the origins of their different attitudes towards fundamental problems such as the nature of the soul and immortality.

scholarly journals A resolvable frozen conflict? Designing a settlement for Transnistria

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Zone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Territorial Dispute ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Boris Yeltsin ◽  
Frozen Conflict

The conflict over Transnistria is a territorial dispute in which one of the conflict parties (Transnistria) seeks independence while the other (Moldova) aims to restore its full sovereignty and territorial integrity. For close to two decades, the situation has been stagnant: a cease-fire agreement signed in 1992 in Moscow between the Russian and Moldovan presidents at the time – Boris Yeltsin and Mircea Snegur – established a trilateral peacekeeping mission (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) and a buffer zone along the Dniestr/Nistru River. Protected by these arrangements and an additional Russian military presence, Transnistria has developed into a de facto state of its own, albeit without international recognition and heavily dependent on Russia.

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