"The Sea Common to All": Maritime Frontiers, Port Cities, and Chinese Traders in the Southeast Asian Age of Commerce, ca. 1400–1750

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Lockard
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Port Cities

Transcultural Fights: Fortification in Southeast Asian Seas during the Eighteenth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-66
Author(s):  
Pedro Luengo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
South China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The Other ◽  
China Seas ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Complete Rejection

Abstract Defensive architecture in Southeast Asian port cities during the eighteenth century is a topic never addressed from a transnational perspective. This paper aims to analyze it as a phenomenon of scientific transfer, considering fortifications as a remarkable example of “open air science.” First, it shows the complex situation among antagonistic powers in the Malay and South China seas. From here, it aims to identify the connections between Dutch and Spanish proposals in the area. One model focused on protecting sea routes, while the other was more concerned about maintaining territorial integrity. Later, it considers how local kingdoms from China or Siam to the southern sultanates addressed the problem. Here, a variety of answers have been found, ranging from a complete rejection of European solutions to qualified adaptations and wholesale adoption of them. From all these examples, it is possible to evaluate the nature of technical transfer in a transnational perspective.

scholarly journals Urban Tissue of Traditional Chinese and Southeast Asian Port Cities: The Influence of Maritime Trade

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Han Wang ◽  
Beisi Jia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Special Rules

In the process of urban development and regeneration, a city always gradually derives multiple morphological characteristics from its original single form. The transformation of urban form can be viewed as representation of consequence of overlapping of cultural attributes, an urban quality which is often ignored by property developments. This paper addresses that culture is a starting point to analyze traditional urban forms of Chinese and Southeast Asian traditional port cities. On the one hand, it analyzes their urban morphological characteristics focusing on the urban tissue level, which can reflect a process of urban evolution based on multi-culture brought by the ancient maritime trade. On the other hand, four port cities with similar cultural attributes including Quanzhou and Guangzhou in China, Hanoi in Vietnam and Malacca in Malaysia are analyzed comparatively to demonstrate their morphological differences and similarities. Based on the analysis of the two aspects, the paper recovers the relationship between cultural attributes and urban morphology, as well as some universal and special rules of urban development.

scholarly journals A proposed relationship between Champa and Chola dynasties during the 11th and 13th centuries: A view from the historical sources and artistic evidences | Về mối quan hệ khả hữu giữa các vương triều Champa và Chola trong thế kỷ 11 đến 13: Nhìn nhận từ những cứ liệu lịch sử và nghệ thuật

SPAFA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ky Phuong Tran ◽  
Thi Tu Anh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
South India ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
New Construction ◽  
The Temple

New construction technology and new aesthetic trends are emphasized as the characteristics of Chola influence which have been adapted in Cham religious architecture. The temple architecture and sculptures of Champa thus provide the best information on reflecting the pinnacle of Champa art dating from the 11th and 13th centuries CE. Champa became a center for transportation with its prosperous port-cities/port-polities expressing demand for import-export commodities, especially the trade between South India and South China. The Champa kingdom had thus been one of the main bridges for Chola art to reach Southeast Asian states which was achieved through the commercial perspective and religious art. Kiến trúc tôn giáo Champa từng tiếp thu những đặc điểm của Chola mà tiêu biểu là kỹ thuật xây dựng và xu hướng nghệ thuật. Kiến trúc và điêu khắc đền-tháp Champa hàm chứa những thông tin tốt nhất về thời kỳ hưng thịnh của vương quốc từ thế kỷ 11 đến 13 trong mối quan hệ văn hóa với Chola. Champa từng là một trung tâm vận chuyển với hệ thống cảng-thị phát triển, có khả năng đáp ứng được các nhu cầu xuất nhập khẩu hàng hóa cao cấp, đặc biệt trong mối giao thương giữa vùng Nam Ấn và Hoa Nam, do đó vương quốc duyên hải này đã giữ vai trò là cầu nối cho nghệ thuật Chola phổ biến ở Đông Nam Á, thành quả này được phản ảnh qua lăng kính của các mối quan hệ hải thương cũng như các công trình nghệ thuật tôn giáo.

Port Cities and Islamic Insurgency across Southeast Asia, 1850–1913

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Gedacht
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
East Indies ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Critical Nodes ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The 19Th Century

Port cities have long played a critical role in the circulation of peoples, commodities, and ideas within and across the maritime spaces of Southeast Asia. Although an indelible component of the islands and archipelagos of this region since at least the 15th century, the rise of global empires in the 19th century rejuvenated these communities by the sea, giving rise to thriving metropolises from Rangoon to Singapore, Bangkok to Penang. Historians recognize that these ascendant cities served as “imperial bridgeheads,” connecting the products and peoples of the Southeast Asian hinterlands to world markets. Yet, the idea of “cosmopolitanism” arguably pervades how historians understand these port cities; bustling docks, diverse populations, and lively scenes of popular culture take precedence over the imperial coercion unfolding within and beyond their shores. Port cities and urbanization, in fact, were intimately intertwined with the violence of conquest and Islamic insurgency enveloping various corners of the Southeast Asian countryside. When armed conflicts such as the bitter Dutch-Aceh War in the Netherlands East Indies (present-day Indonesia) and the Moro Wars in the southern Philippines engulfed venerable Muslim sultanates, the maritime metropolises of the Straits Settlements emerged as critical nodes—sites for the dissemination of weapons and smugglers, spies and diplomats, contentious ideas and theologies. These circulations were facilitated not just by Muslim networks or colonial agents but by the very cosmopolitan nature of port cities. Chinese and German, Arab and Turkish, Muslim and Christian, all became drawn into the whirling vortex of “Islamic insurgencies.” By highlighting the integral position of port cities in the conduct of various armed conflicts, it becomes possible to gain new perspectives and suggest reconfigured research paradigms for understanding the connected histories of colonial conquest.

An Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 900–1300 CE

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Wade
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Theravada Buddhism ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Asian History

One of the most influential ideas in Southeast Asian history in recent decades has been Anthony Reid'sAge of Commercethesis, which sees a commercial boom and the emergence of port cities as hubs of commerce over the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, which in turn spurred political, social and economic changes throughout the region. But how new were the changes described in Reid'sAge of Commerce? This paper argues that the four centuries from circa 900 to 1300 CE can be seen as an ‘Early Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asia. During this period, a number of commercial and financial changes in China, South Asia, the Middle East and within the Southeast Asian region, greatly promoted maritime trade, which induced the emergence of new ports and urban centres, the movement of administrative capitals toward the coast, population expansion, increased maritime links between societies, the expansion of Theravada Buddhism and Islam, increased monetisation, new industries, new forms of consumption and new mercantile organisations. It is thus proposed that the period from 900 to 1300 be considered the Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian history.

How Sexual Objectification Generates Dehumanization in Western and Eastern Cultures

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Wollast ◽  
Elisa Puvia ◽  
Philippe Bernard ◽  
Passagorn Tevichapong ◽  
Olivier Klein
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Objectification Theory ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Intense Pain ◽  
Eastern Cultures ◽  
Theory Research ◽  
Self Objectification ◽  
Asian Sample

Abstract. Ever since Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) proposed objectification theory, research on self-objectification and – by extension – other-objectification has experienced a considerable expansion. However, most of the studies on sexual objectification have been conducted solely in Western populations. This study investigates whether the effect of target sexualization on social perception differs as a function of culture (Western vs. Eastern). Specifically, we asked a Western sample (Belgian, N = 62) and a Southeast Asian sample (Thai, N = 98) to rate sexualized versus nonsexualized targets. We found that sexual objectification results in dehumanization in both Western (Belgium) and Eastern (Thailand) cultures. Specifically, participants from both countries attributed less competence and less agency to sexualized than to nonsexualized targets, and they reported that they would administer more intense pain to sexualized than to nonsexualized targets. Thus, building on past research, this study suggests that the effect of target sexualization on dehumanization is a more general rather than a culture-specific phenomenon.

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