The Influence of Inter-Cultural Engagement on the Perceptions of Mendicant Friars in the Thirteenth Century Concerning Islam and Muslims

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-507
Author(s):  
Rickie Lette
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Cultural Engagement ◽  
Arabic Philosophy ◽  
Potential Impact

Abstract A commonly accepted interpretation of how Christians and Muslims perceived and responded to each other during the medieval period remains elusive. While broad surveys have established the existence of dominant perspectives and trends, smaller-scale studies are revealing that responses could be much more complex and nuanced. This article attempts to negotiate a middle ground to examine the perceptions of Islam and Muslims of three mendicant friars. The study demonstrates that direct encounters with Muslims, and their customs, practices, and beliefs, or active engagement with Greco-Arabic philosophy, or both, provided these three men with new means to rationalise the reality of Islam and its followers, breaking the bonds of traditional ideological responses and enabling them to produce novel and more informed perspectives on both. It indicates the potential impact that inter-cultural engagement may have had on the inter-religious perceptions of mendicant friars in the latter part of the thirteenth century.

Encounters in the Ruins: Latin Captives, Franciscan Friars and the Dangers of Religious Plurality in the Early Mongol Empire

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 115-136
Author(s):  
Amanda Power
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
Religious Plurality ◽  
Transient Population ◽  
Mongol Empire

Among the richest, and strangest, sites for religious encounter during the medieval period was the network of Mongol encampments on the Eurasian steppe. In the middle decades of the thirteenth century, a vast empire was administered from these itinerant cities. In consequence, they were crammed with a transient population of people drawn, summoned or seized from diverse societies across the continent. Within these cities, physical space, approved gestures and permitted actions were heavily ritualized according to shamanistic practice, but as long as these customs were respected, the Mongols encouraged an atmosphere of relative egalitarianism among the various faiths represented in the camps.

Poufność komunikacji elektronicznej w rozporządzeniu o prywatności i łączności elektronicznej: jak chronić prywatność i autonomię osobistą bez utrudniania rozwoju rozwiązań AI

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-42
Author(s):  
Jan Czarnocki
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Electronic Communication ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Normative Content ◽  
Proper Balance

This article aims to analyse Articles 5 and 6 of the draft ePrivacy Regulation put forward by the European Commission, as key rules regulating the processing of electronic communication data and metadata. The confidentiality of electronic communication is an important aspect of privacy and personal autonomy protection. Still, disproportionate regulation may hurt economic growth, particularly with regard to artificial intelligence (AI) solutions development. The article begins by briefly describing a socio-economic context in which the future regulation of electronic communication confidentiality will function, then analyses the implications of proposed norms for the protection of privacy and personal autonomy, and their potential implications for economic development, for AI solutions in particular. The article analyses which of the proposed versions of Articles 5 and 6 meet the middle ground and ensure protection of privacy and personal autonomy without at the same time hampering economic development and AI innovation. After analysing the proposed normative content of all three versions of the ePrivacy Regulation draft, some afterthoughts are shared about them and their potential impact. The goal is to find the proper balance between privacy protection as an ultimate priority and maintaining economic development and innovation as something that cannot be ignored and is a priority in its own right, to an extent where it does not harm the essential content of the fundamental right to privacy and personal autonomy.

Mendicants and Merchants in the Medieval Mediterranean: An Introduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 149-173
Author(s):  
Taryn E. L. Chubb ◽  
Taryn E. L. Chubb ◽  
Emily Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Mendicant Orders

Abstract When the mendicant orders were founded in the thirteenth century, they quickly began to cultivate mutually beneficial relationships with the emerging merchant class. This special issue of Medieval Encounters is an interdisciplinary study of the complex connections that developed between the two groups throughout the Mediterranean during the late medieval period. These relationships have rarely been addressed in the scholarship on this period, but in urban centers throughout the medieval Mediterranean, friars and merchants crossed paths daily and the evidence of their interaction reveals the extent to which the two communities came to depend upon one another.

scholarly journals The attitude of scholars has not changed towards plagiarism since the medieval period: Definition of plagiarism according to Shams-e-Qays, thirteenth-century Persian literary scientist

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Literary Communities ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Almost All

Almost all researchers are familiar with the concept of plagiarism these days. However, many scholars allege that plagiarism and its ethical ramifications are new western concepts that have not existed in scientific and literary history. In their opinion, using the ideas of others was allowed liberally in past academic and literary communities. I have presented the definition of “plagiarism” according to Shams-e-Qays, a great Persian literary scientist of the thirteenth century AD, to show that this is not the case and that the attitude towards plagiarism was even more strict in ancient times.

The Discovery of an Early Bearing-Dial

1953 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl V. Sølver
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
North Western

It has hitherto been generally presumed that the division of the horizon into thirty-two points was a development of the late medieval period. Such a division, it has been said, was impossible in the pre-compass era. ‘It is questionable whether even so many as sixteen directions could have been picked out and followed at sea so long as Sun and star, however intimately known, were the only guides’, one eminent authority has declared; ‘Even the sailors in the north-western waters had only four names until a comparatively late date.’ Chaucer's reference in his Treatise on the Astrolabe to the thirty-two ‘partiez’ of the ‘orisonte’ has for long been quoted as the earliest evidence on the subject. The Konungs Skuggsjà, a thirteenth-century Norwegian work, however, refers to the Sun revolving through eight œttir; and the fourteenthcentury Icelandic Rímbegla talks of sixteen points or directions. An important discovery by the distinguished Danish archaeologist, Dr. C. L. Vebæk, in the summer of 1951, brings a new light to the whole problem and makes the earlier held view scarcely tenable. Vebæk was then working on the site of the Benedictine nunnery (mentioned by Îvar Bárdarson in the mid-fourteenth century) which stands on the site of a still older Norse homestead on the Siglufjörd, in southern Greenland. Buried in a heap of rubbish under the floor in one of the living-rooms, together with a number of broken tools of wood and iron (some of them with the owner's name inscribed on them in runes) was a remarkable fragment of carved oak which evidently once formed part of a bearingdial. This was a damaged oaken disk which, according to the archaeologists, dates back to about the year 1200.

Thomas de Houghton: A Royal Carpenter of the Later Thirteenth Century

1950 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Present Note ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Building Craftsmen ◽  
General Work

Much attention has been paid in recent years to the careers and conditions of service of some of the foremost English royal masons of the later medieval period. The craftsmen in wood, however, are on the whole less well known, partly, perhaps, because their medium is less durable than the mason's and therefore relatively fewer outstanding examples of their work have survived to witness to their skill. Carpenters of the capacity of Hugh Herland and timber work of the scale and quality of Westminster Hall roof are exceptions that prove the rule. There is, however, no lack of documentary evidence, the great bulk of it still unpublished, for the activities of many royal carpenters in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. But the details are scattered in works accounts and wardrobe books, Liberate and Memoranda rolls, and until these prolific sources are searched systematically for the almost limitless information they contain, the foundation for any authoritative general work on medieval English building craftsmen will scarcely have been laid. Such a search has yet to be undertaken. Meanwhile, the purpose of the present note is to illustrate the general problem and the nature of some of the available sources by collating facts about a single craftsman that have come to light more or less accidentally in the course of research directed to another objective.

THE VIRGIN MARY AS LADY GRAMMAR IN THE MEDIEVAL WEST

Traditio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 279-305
Author(s):  
GEORGIANA DONAVIN
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Chartres Cathedral ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Literacy Training

The Virgin Mary, as Mother of the Word, has long been associated with early literacy training in the medieval West, an association that, as this article argues, connects her to The Marriage of Philology and Mercury's Lady Grammar. While Gary P. Cestaro has demonstrated the ways in which representations of Lady Grammar became more maternal throughout the medieval period, this article demonstrates how and why the Virgin Mother took on the persona of Lady Grammar in both verbal and material arts from the High to the Late Middle Ages. It explores the famous sculptures of the Virgin and Lady Grammar on the Royal Portal at Chartres Cathedral, the writings of grammatical theorists that led to these depictions, and the thirteenth-century artes poetriae that portray Mary as a Christian Grammatica. From St. Augustine's declaration that grammar is a “guardian” to the claims of Gervais of Melkley, John of Garland, and Eberhard the German that Mary is the mother of beautiful expressions, grammatical thought and practice in the medieval West led to a characterization of the Virgin, guardian of the Word in her womb and parent to Wisdom, as the supreme teacher and exemplar of Latin. Adopting Lady Grammar's iconography of the nourishing breast, classroom text, and punitive whip, the Virgin Mary is not only connected to basic Latin instruction but also comes to embody its principles.

Conversion by Coercion

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-173
Author(s):  
David W. Kling
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
European Society ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Christian Conversion ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
Universal Rule

As Christian European society expanded geographically and as the Latin Church insisted on its universal rule, the perceived contamination of Christians by “religious aliens” accelerated intolerance by church and state authorities, mobs, and vigilante groups. This chapter examines the forced conversions of Jews and pagans. In four incidents of Jewish conversion, the threat of violence or of some kind of negative consequence (e.g., economic pressure) constituted if not forced conversions then certainly pressure to convert. Jews, however, were only one group, and a relatively small one, targeted for forcible Christian conversion. Throughout the medieval period, thousands of pagans were brought into the Christian fold by forcible means—from Charlemagne’s eighth-century campaign against the Saxons to the Sword Brothers’ thirteenth-century campaigns against the Lithuanians and Estonians.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Sarah Stroumsa
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Arabic Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Texts

This concluding chapter explains that the twelfth century represented the high watermark of philosophy in al-Andalus. Although the thirteenth century saw some remarkable manifestations of Neoplatonic mystical philosophy, the Aristotelian school had no significant succession after Averroes within the borders of al-Andalus. However, the legacy of Arabic Andalusian philosophy, both Muslim and Jewish, continued to thrive in the Iberian Peninsula. The chapter then looks at the transmission of Arabic philosophy from al-Andalus to Christian Spain. After the Christian conquest of Toledo in 1085, Christian Spain witnessed a growing interest in philosophy and science. This interest was expressed in a large-scale effort to translate philosophical texts from Arabic. A significant part of the task of transmitting Arabic philosophy to the Christians fell to the Jews, many of whom found refuge from Almoravid and Almohad persecution in Christian territory, and some of whom had converted to Christianity. Even more important is their role in preserving the Arabic texts themselves, as well as the scholarly tradition attached to them.

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