Negotiations in the Former Soviet Union: New Structure, New Dimensions

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-364
Author(s):  
Victor A. Kremenyuk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
The Future ◽  
New States ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Baltic

AbstractDespite a heritage of suspicion toward negotiation, the new states of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) have negotiated among themselves (and in Russia's case, within itself) to resolve the issues of the Soviet Union's dissolution and to create a new structure of relations and institutions for the future. Special situations have occurred in relations with the Baltic states, which are not members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and Chechnya, which is a restive part of Russia. Past and future issues need to be distinguished, a new structure for the CIS worked out, and new relations established with the outside world.

RUSSIA AND THE CIS IN 2003: Regional Reconstruction

Asian Survey ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Buszynski
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Regional Reconstruction ◽  
China And Japan

Abstract Russia's position in Asia has been consolidating according to two developments. The first was the restructuring of Russia's presence in the former Soviet Union. Various new groupings have arisen that offer Russia alternatives to the Commonwealth of Independent States. The second was the expansion of Russia's role in the Asia Pacific region and the Korean peninsula, as energy supplier to China and Japan, and as an arms seller.

scholarly journals The Baltic States: Keeping the Faith in Turbulent Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-63
Author(s):  
Vello Pettai
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Turbulent Times ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Communist Countries

As the Baltic states commemorated the centenary of their first appearance as independent states in 2018, their celebrations were mixed with feelings of ambiguity about the road travelled since then. Although today we often see Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania as 'post-communist' countries, their experience with communism was actually much harsher than in Central Europe, since, for nearly fifty years, the three countries were forcibly a part of the Soviet Union. This has made their journey back into the European community all that more remarkable, and it has also served to keep these countries somewhat more resistant to the dangers of democratic backsliding. After all, their continued independence and well-being are intricately dependent on keeping the European liberal order intact. Nevertheless, the winds of populism have also begun to buffet these three countries, meaning that they have been struggling to keep their balancing act going. This article reviews the development of the Baltic states over the last 20 years, both in terms of domestic politics and EU accession and membership. It profiles the way in which the three countries have been trying to keep their faith in democracy and liberalism alive amidst ever more turbulent political and economic times.

scholarly journals Interethnic Conflict: A Challenge for the Future of the Newly Independent States

Refuge ◽  
1998 ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Andre Kamenshikov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Interethnic Conflict ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Sociopolitical Climate ◽  
Newly Independent States

This article focuses on the nature of interethnic conflicts in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. The author discusses the prevailing patterns that characterize such conflicts and gives a brief account of the changes that took place in the newly independent states over the past decade that laid the ground for the present volatile sociopolitical climate there. Apart from the material causes of conflict, a lot of attention is given to psychological causes such as the loss of identity which is being compensated by a growing nationalism. In the opinion of the author, these psychological causes should be given much more attention in order to predict and prevent outbreaks of interethnic conflicts in the area.

The challenges of OSCE electoral assistance in the former Soviet Union

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Bader
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Independent States

AbstractElectoral assistance by the OSCE in the undemocratic states of the post-Soviet area is faced with a number of serious challenges: there has been no improvement in the quality of elections over the past decade; recommendations by the OSCE to improve electoral legislation are routinely disregarded in most countries; and, within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the undemocratic countries have stepped up a range of alternative electoral assistance activities that replicate and in large part contradict comparable OSCE efforts. This article discusses these three challenges and considers possible changes to the practice of OSCE electoral assistance that may contribute to its continued relevance and effectiveness.

scholarly journals Surveillance of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Europe, 1999

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Infuso ◽  
D Antoine ◽  
P Barboza ◽  
D Falzon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Foreign Origin ◽  
The Baltic

With the exception of Israel, representative data from Western and Central Europe indicate consistently low levels of resistance to isoniazid (0-9,3%) or rifampicin (0-2,1%) and of multidrug resistance (0-2,1%) among new tuberculosis (TB) cases. Resistance is more frequent among previously treated cases, but comparisons of data should be done cautiously, as criteria for inclusion in TB notifications may vary across countries. In Western Europe, drug resistance is more frequent among cases of foreign origin, a group with high TB incidence. In 1999, cases of foreign origin accounted for over 90% of the MDR cases in the West, and for all MDR cases notified in Israel. The majority of foreign born cases notified originated from Africa or Asia. In the East, representative data from the Baltic States show that overall, 15% of TB cases notified in 1999 were MDR, among the highest proportion worldwide and indicating inadequacies in previous treatment programmes. In the other countries of the former Soviet Union, non-representative data show high levels of resistance which, along with data from the Baltic states and results of surveys, are very alarming.

Political Europeanization since 1989

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-87
Author(s):  
Katherine Graney
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Central European ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the process of EU expansion into the former Soviet Union since 1989, identifying the different criteria that have been used to judge candidates for EU membership. The Central European and Baltic states successfully made arguments about their “intrinsic Europeanness” and “belonging” to Europe and the EU, while the Balkan states have had a harder time proving their suitability for Europe. Unlike the Baltic states, the other ex-Soviet republics, like Ukraine and Georgia, have had a harder time convincing the EU of their fitness for membership, that is, their “intrinsic Europeanness,” and have had to settle for being made “Eastern Partners” of the EU and signers of Association Agreements with the EU. Russia has sought a form of partnership with the EU, while rejecting any idea of conditionality. Finally, the EU shows little concern for the ex-Soviet states of Central Asia, not seeing them as fundamentally European in any way.

scholarly journals Astronomy in the former Soviet Union 15 years after the breakup of the USSR

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (SPS5) ◽  
pp. 149-158
Author(s):  
Nikolai G. Bochkarev
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
School Students ◽  
International Astronomical ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Regional Authorities

AbstractDuring the immediate post-Soviet period, the main infrastructure of astronomy over the territory of the former Soviet Union (FSU) was saved, in spite of dramatic decreases in financial support. Overall the situation for FSU astronomy is now stable. In Latvia, the 32-m radio-dish is in working order. This allows it to participate in VLBI programmes. In Russia, all three 32-metre radio dishes of the QUASAR VLBI system are operational, as well as the 2-m telescope with a high-resolution spectrograph (up to resolution R≃ 500 000) and the horizontal solar telescope (R= 320 000) of the Russian-Ukrainian Observatory on Peak Terskol (Caucasus, altitude 3100 m). However the situation with the observatory itself is worrying, because of the regional authorities' attempt to privatize its infrastructure.The process of equipping a number of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (including Russian) observatories with CCD-cameras is in progress. To solve staff problems, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have begun to prepare national specialists in astronomy, and the Baltic States, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Ukraine continue to prepare astronomers.Teaching of astronomy at schools is obligatory only in the Ukraine and partially in the Baltic states. To maintain a “common astronomical area”, the Eurasian Astronomical Society (EAAS) continues its programme of reduced-price subscription to Russian-language astronomical journals and magazines in the territory of FSU, the organization of international conferences and Olympiads for school students, and lectures for school teachers and planetarium lecturers, etc.Telescopes in Russia and other CIS territories permit to monitor an object more then 12 hours and can be used in global monitoring programmes. The Central Asian sites have some of the very best astro-climates in the world. They are similar to (or a little better than) the well known Chilean sites (median seeing 0.7′′, very high fraction of clear nights, no light pollution and no high wind). It is imperative that these sites be protected and intensively used by the international astronomical community.

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