Reconstruction of Nineteenth-Century Channel Patterns of Polish Carpathians Rivers from the Galicia and Bucovina Map (1861–1864)

Historical maps are often the only source of information allowing for the regional reconstructions of river channel patterns in the past. In the Polish Carpathians, analyses of historical channel patterns were performed mostly in river reaches scale. In this paper, the Galicia and Bucovina map (1861–1864) (the Second military survey of the Habsburg Empire) was used to reconstruct and map the historical channel patterns of seven rivers from the Polish Carpathians. It was found that, in the nineteenth century, rivers in the western part of the study area (Soła, Skawa, Raba, Dunajec) supported a multi-thread channel pattern, whereas rivers in the eastern part (Wisłoka, San, Wisłok) present a mostly single-thread channel pattern. These differences probably result from the higher relief energy and precipitation, lower proportions of forests in the catchments, and more frequent floods favouring high sediment supply to the fluvial system, and thus the formation of multi-thread reaches in the western part of the study area. At the local scale, the most important factor supporting multi-thread channel pattern development was the availability of gravel sediments in the wide valley floor sections. The formation of anabranching reaches with a single mid-channel form was probably associated with the channel avulsion process. There is no clear evidence linking the change in the channel pattern type with an abrupt change in the river channel slope. This study confirms the usefulness of the second military survey map of the Habsburg Empire for the regional reconstruction of river channel pattern types.

Dataset of 1 km cropland cover from 1690 to 1999 in Scandinavia

Spatially explicit historical land cover datasets are essential not only for simulations of climate and environmental dynamics but also for projections of future land use, food security, climate, and biodiversity. However, widely used global datasets are developed for continental- to global-scale analysis and simulations. Their accuracy depends on the verification of more regional reconstruction results. This study collects cropland area data of each administrative unit (parish/municipality/county) in Scandinavia from multiple sources. The cropland area data are validated, calibrated, interpolated, and allocated into 1 km×1 km grid cells. Then, we develop a dataset with spatially explicit cropland area from 1690 to 1999. Results indicate that the cropland area increased from 1.82×106 ha to 6.71×106 ha from 1690 to 1950 and then decreased to 5.90×106 ha in 1999. Before 1810, cropland cover expanded in southern Scandinavia and remained stable in northern Scandinavia. From 1810 to 1910, northern Scandinavia experienced slight cropland expansion. The cropland area increased rapidly in the southern part of the study area before changing slightly. After 1950, the cropland areas began to decrease in most regions, especially in eastern Scandinavia. When comparing global datasets with this study, although the total Scandinavia cropland area is in agreement among SAGE (Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment), HYDE (History Database of the Global Environment ) 3.2, PJ (Pongratz Julia), and this study, the spatial patterns show considerable differences, except for in Denmark between HYDE 3.2 and this study. The dataset can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.926591 (Wei et al., 2021).

Utility of parascapular flaps for regional reconstruction of upper back defects: a case series

The latissimus dorsi (LD) flap has classically been described for posterior upper quadrant trunk defects. Perforator flaps have gained popularity among reconstructive surgeons as the predictable anatomy and muscle-sparing nature of parascapular flaps make this an attractive reconstructive option. We describe the versatility of the parascapular flap for reconstruction of defects in the axilla, deltoid, scapula and paraspinal region performed in six patients over a two-year period. The history of the parascapular flap, technique, patient outcomes and technical pearls are also discussed. We recommend this flap be considered a workhorse flap for defects in the posterior upper quadrant.

Analisa Potensi Aliran Lahar Kali Putih, Gunungapi Kelud

Kelud Volcano is one of the active volcanoes and located in East Java. After the eruption, Kelud Volcano left a number of volcanic materials from the rock, sand and the ash on residential land, plantations and the surrounding area. The main problem is the eruption of Kelud Volcanoes has the potential to experience an increase in the frequency of eruptions and there has been no development of a regional reconstruction model for secondary impacts due to eruptions in the field of water resources infrastructure. Based on these problems, a test of the Sabo and modular hydraulic physical models will be planned. This study discusses the identification of the location and volume of sediments that have the potential to become Kali Putih lava flows from Kelud Volcanoes. The Takahashi analysis method is used to analyze the estimated excess volume of the target sediment which must be controlled by sabo technology. Identification of sediment transport zones is obtained from the classification of slope on existing buildings obtained from satellite imagery. The results of the analysis are as follows: 1.) Sediment transport areas in the Putih Watershed have an area of 863 km2. 2.) The total volume of Kali Putih sediment that has the potential to become cold lava after the eruption is 4,139,414.23 m3. 3.) Sabo and modular hydraulic physical model testing is required. 4) A model of regional reconstruction is needed for secondary impacts due to eruptions in the water resources field. 5) New sabo plan planning is needed

Dataset of cropland cover from 1690 to 2015 in Scandinavia

High-resolution historical land cover datasets are essential not only for simulations of climate and environmental dynamics, but also for projections of future land use, food security, climate and biodiversity. However, widely used global datasets are developed for continental-to-global scale analysis and simulations and the accuracy of global datasets depends on the verification of more regional reconstruction results. In this study, based on the collected statistics of cropland area of each administrative unit (Parish/ Municipality/ County/ Province) in Scandinavia from 1690 to 2015, the cropland area at the administrative unit level was allocated into 30-arc second grid cells. The results indicated that the cropland area increased from 1.81 million ha in 1690 to 7.10 million ha in 1950, then decreased to 6.02 million ha in 2015. Before 1810, cropland cover expanded in southern Scandinavia and remained stable in northern. From 1810 to 1910, northern Scandinavia experienced slight expansion and the cropland area increased rapidly in the southern part of the study area. Then, cropland area changed gently. After 1950, cropland area began to decrease in most regions, especially in the east of Scandinavia. When comparing HYDE3.2 with this study, differences in cropland distribution over the past 300 years are mainly observed in regions which were highly cultivated. Our dataset can be used by future environment and climate models in Scandinavia. The dataset can be downloaded from https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.919929 (Wei et al., 2020).

Regional Reconstruction of Orbital Exenteration Defects

Aggressive disease such as invasive fungal infections or malignancies may necessitate orbital exenteration. The defects of orbital exenteration are often complex involving adjacent structures. Rehabilitation of the orbital exenteration defect poses unique challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. Various options have been described ranging from secondary intention to microvascular free tissue reconstruction. Here the authors review local/regional options for reconstruction of orbital exenteration defects.

Post-event Field Survey of 28 September 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami

An earthquake with a magnitude of MW = 7.5 that occurred in Sulawesi, Indonesia on September 28, 2018, triggered liquefaction and tsunamis that caused severe damage and many casualties. This paper reports the results of a post-tsunami field survey conducted by a team with members from Indonesia and Taiwan that began 13 days after the earthquake. The main purpose of this survey was to measure the runup of tsunami waves and inundation and observe the damage caused by the tsunami. Measurements were made in 18 selected sites, most in Palu Bay. The survey results show that the runup height ranged from 2 to 10 m and that the inundation distance was between 80 and 510 m. The highest runup (10.5 m) was recorded in Tondo, a complex that has many boarding houses near a university. The longest inundation distance (511 m) was found in Layana, a marketplace. The arrival times of the tsunami waves were quite short and different for each site, typically about 3–8 minutes from the time of the earthquake event. The characteristics of the damage to buildings, facilities, and structures are also summarized. Several indicators of underwater landslides are described. The survey results can be used for the calibration and validation of hydrodynamic models for tsunamis. They can also be used for regional reconstruction, mitigation, planning, and development.

Theoretical basis of the germination of the concept of balanced regional development

The current reforming of local self-government, territorial organization of authorities and administrative-territorial division in Ukraine require new approaches to managing regional development. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical aspects of the concept of balanced regional development. In the study, the author applies systematic approach, theoretical generalization, method of scientific abstraction, logical-semantic method and graphical method. The results of the study show that the concept of balanced regional development should be considered through the prism of seven concepts and theories. Thus, regional development theories (individual theories of spatial organization, utilization of the region's potential and innovation and knowledge, as well as theories of social change) help to perceive the region as a coherent system with the potential for development. The concept of sustainable development emphasizes the importance of meeting the needs of today without sacrificing the needs of future generations. The concept of a smart region combines smart governance, economy, mobility, environment, people and lifestyle. The concept of new pragmatism is reminiscent of taking into account, in governing a region, the system of values "profitably, lawfully, non-immorally". In accordance with the concept of reconstructive development, it is advisable to combine the introverted, inclusive and innovative development of the region. Stakeholder theory points to the need to identify the main stakeholders and establish communication between them. At the same time, behavioral theory emphasizes the strengthening of the role of the human factor in regional development, which actualizes the study of the influence of psychological factors. As a result, the study identified balanced regional development as a long-term process of regional reconstruction with due regard to the existing potential, harmonizing stakeholder interests and establishing communication, optimal balance of environmental, social and economic goals, social justice, cohesion and responsibility. Understanding the nature and features of balanced regional development is theoretically and practically important as it is capable of enhancing the effectiveness of regional governance.