Reflections on Arctic Maritime Delimitations: A Comparative Analysis between the Case Law and State Practice

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-484
Author(s):  
Yoshifumi Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
State Practice ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

AbstractThe determination of spatial ambit of the coastal State jurisdiction is fundamental for ocean governance and the same applies to the Arctic Ocean. In this regard, a question arises how it is possible to delimit marine spaces where the jurisdiction of two or more coastal States overlaps. Without rules on maritime delimitation in marine spaces where the jurisdiction of coastal States overlaps, the legal uses of these spaces cannot be enjoyed effectively. In this sense, maritime delimitation is of paramount importance in the Arctic Ocean governance. Thus, this study will examine Arctic maritime delimitations by comparing them to the case law concerning maritime delimitation. In so doing, this study seeks to clarify features of Arctic maritime delimitations.

A Thermodynamic Study of Arctic Paleoclimatology

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Shaw ◽  
William L. Donn
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Thermodynamic Study ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Freezing Level ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

The thermodynamic model of J. Adem has been applied to the determination of Arctic and hemispheric surface temperatures with both ice-covered and ice-free states of the Arctic Ocean. The effect of glaciated and nonglaciated continents is included in the investigation. With an ice cover over the Arctic, as at present, computed temperatures for the polar sea and the Northern Hemisphere correspond closely with present observations. Over a broad range of the critical parameters, removal of the ice cover yields computed temperatures that remain well above freezing level throughout the year. With glaciated continents computed Arctic temperatures are depressed.

32 Polar Oceans and Law of the Sea

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Karen N ◽  
VanderZwaag David L
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
General Law ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Antarctic

This chapter assesses the implementation of the law of the sea in the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean, focusing on the issues of disputed sovereignty, environmental vulnerabilities, and access to marine resources. It highlights how the two regions are ‘poles together’, sharing some key governance similarities, such as being subject to general law of the sea provisions applicable to maritime safety and environmental protection. It describes how the regions are ‘poles apart’ by examining the differing law of the sea contexts and divergent regional approaches and challenges to ocean governance in the Arctic and Antarctic, respectively. It identifies future challenges for both regions focusing on institutional developments in the Arctic and the development of new spatially-focused conservation tools in the Antarctic.

scholarly journals I.D. PAPANIN - POLAR RESEARCHER AND ORGANIZER OF SCIENCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-221
Author(s):  
K. V. Popov ◽  
Yu. V. Vorob’eva ◽  
M. G. Ushakova
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Public Figure ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Scientific Station

The article is dedicated to the important date – 125 years since the birth of I.D. Papanin. Many people know Papanin as a famous polar researcher, scientist and organizer of expeditions, a public figure, the head of the Borok biostation. But, of course, the key event of his life is a drift under his leadership the world’s first scientific station «North Pole» in the Arctic Ocean in 1937–1938. This is an unprecedented event of world significance and scale, as well as a feat of courage, endurance and determination of all four participants in the drift, who were called «Papanintsi».

scholarly journals Nonextensive Dynamics of Drifting Sea Ice

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Alexandre Chmel ◽  
Victor Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Nonequilibrium Dynamics ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ice Floes ◽  
Energy Distribution Functions ◽  
Ice Pack

Cycles of ice pack fragmentation in the Arctic Ocean are caused by the irregular drift dynamics. In February 2004, the Russian ice-research camp North Pole 32 established on a floe in the Arctic Ocean ceased its working activity and was abandoned after a catastrophic icequake. In this communication, the data collected during the last month of the field observations were used for calculating the changes in the kinetic energy of the ice floe. The energy distribution functions corresponding to periods of different drift intensity were analyzed using the Tsallis statistics, which allow one to assess a degree of deviation of an open dynamic system, such as the drifting ice, from its equilibrium state. The obtained results evidenced that the above-mentioned critical fragmentation has occurred in the period of substantially nonequilibrium dynamics of the system of ice floes. The determination of the state of the pack (in the sense of its equilibrium/nonequilibrium) could provide some useful information on forthcoming icequakes.

The Navigation of Arctic Polar Submarines

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldo K. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Sonar System ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Navy ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ice Pack

In September 1931 Sir Hubert Wilkins and Harald Sverdrup made the first attempt to explore the Arctic Ocean by submarine in Wilkins's Nautilus. The Nautilus was the ex-Navy submarine O-12 modified with topside runners to slide against the underside of the sea ice. Seventeen years later the US Navy developed the sonar system necessary for safely piloting a diesel-battery submarine underneath the ice pack and began exploration of ice covered areas.In 1957, with the nuclear-powered Nautilus, the US Navy began exploration far into the Arctic Ocean. Problems were found concerning determination of ship's position, ice avoidance manoeuvres, and surfacing up through ice. Sonar and inertial navigation equipments and operating techniques were developed to solve these problems. Submarines have since sailed to all parts of the Arctic Ocean during all seasons — more than twenty explorations since 1957. The history, problems and interrelationships of the many explorations are described.Dr Lyon's paper was presented at a colloquium on the conquest of the North Pole held in Paris, 7–1 1 November 1983, and organized by the Centre d'Etudes Arctiques by whose permission it is here published. (Throughout the paper miles means nautical miles.)

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