Anna and Ahmad

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 116-149
Author(s):  
Omar Foda
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
Temperance Movement ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Missionary Movement ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
American Evangelicalism

This study looks to explain, using archival material from the Presbyterian Historical Society and the Egyptian National Archives, the fascinating presence of a temperance movement in late 19th and early 20th century Egypt, a Muslim-majority country. It looks at how the Egyptian temperance movement grew out of two separate traditions, Anglo-American and Islamic temperance. These traditions were divided by demographics and ideology, but came to be united in their goals, structures, and efficaciousness. Although both failed to enact meaningful legislation, they are excellent examples of the interaction between Anglo-American evangelicalism and the modern Muslim missionary movement.

scholarly journals Crusaders in Reverse? The Emergence of Political Islam in the Middle East and the Reactions of British Foreign Policy, 1978–1990

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Ihab Shabana
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
British Foreign Policy

British foreign policy in the Middle East has been well researched. However, there are still aspects of Britain’s approach towards the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) that have yet to be researched. One such aspect is Britain’s encounter with the rise of political Islam in MENA and the way(s) in which this phenomenon was deciphered. Even though political Islam dates back to the late 19th and early 20th century, our study focuses on the period between the turbulent years of the outburst of the Iranian Revolution in 1978–1979 and its widely-felt influence until 1990. Our methodological tools include Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) archival material that addresses the phenomenon of political Islam and its implications for British interests and international relations in general. We choose the concept of political Islam and its adherents that are widely acknowledged as political, comparatively to those of da’wa and Jihadi Islamism. We argue that British officials were widely influenced by the intellectual debates of the period under consideration and that they mainly adopted four analytical schemas which focused firstly on the rise of sectarian politics in MENA, secondly on the gradual accommodation of non-state actors and organizations in political analysis, thirdly on the worrisome prospect of an alliance between Islamist and communist forces, and lastly on the prevalence of the idea of Islamic solidarity and Islamic exceptionalism in exerting international politics. Our findings suggest that, at times, the FCO approaches the issue of political Islam with a reassuring mindset, focusing on its divisions and weaknesses, while at other times it analyzes it with a grave concern over stability and Britain’s critical interests.

Classics and archives

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 732-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Butler
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Landscape Change ◽  
National Park ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Glacier National Park ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Geological Survey Professional Paper ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Us

In 1925, then-Captain AW Stevens of the US Army Air Corps took low-angle, oblique aerial photographs of the spectacular landscape of Glacier National Park, Montana (USA). Two of those photographs, of astonishing clarity, were used in a US Geological Survey Professional Paper published in 1959, but were subsequently assigned to the US National Archives and never utilized again. This paper advocates the usefulness of Stevens’ photographs for documenting landscape change from the early 20th century to the present. Stevens’ photographs illustrate the “state” of numerous Park glaciers in 1925, and are the first known aerial photographs of the Park glaciers. These photographs can be used in comparison to modern photographs to illustrate the extent of glacial recession that has occurred in the Park since 1925.

scholarly journals Managing moral reformation: the case of Queensland's reformatory for boys, 1871–1919

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carden Clarissa
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Religious Instruction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Inmate Population

PurposeThis article explores the case of the Queensland's reformatory for boys through the years 1871–1919 to analyse how the institution negotiated the complex, and at times competing, goals of reforming, educating and punishing its inmate population.Design/methodology/approachThe article relies on documentary evidence, including archival material produced by the institution and newspaper records published between 1865, when the legislation allowing the institution to be created was passed, to 1919, when the institution ceased to be known as a “reformatory”.FindingsThis research demonstrates that, despite considerable changes during the studied period, the overarching goal of reforming criminal and potentially criminal young people continuously relied on achieving a balance between reformative techniques such as religious instruction and work placements, providing a useful education and punishing offenders. It also demonstrates that, despite efforts to achieve this balance, the institution was often described as unsuccessful.Originality/valueDue to the paucity of available archival evidence, there is still relatively little known about how the reformatories of late-19th- and early-20th-century Australia attempted to carry out programmes of moral reformation. This paper contributes to the field through an analysis of an institution which faced unusual challenges as a result of a complex inmate population.

Revisiting Authoritarianism

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-341
Author(s):  
James Aho
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Herbert Marcuse ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
Erich Fromm ◽  
Authoritarian Personality ◽  
Theodor Adorno ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Class Youth

This article traces the roots of the Authoritarian Personality (AP) project in the neo-Freudian/phenomenological tradition of the Frankfurt School (FS). It focuses on three of its major proponents (Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse) and examines the construction of the F-scale. It outlines how, according to FS-influenced scholars, the AP arose from the disciplinary measures inflicted on late 19th and early 20th century German middle-class youth, and details the sado-masochistic political style of the prototypical AP. It covers the critical reception of this characterization and explanation of authoritarianism by Bob Altemeyer and Anglo-American positivism. It concludes by arguing that in overlooking the inner life of the AP, positivism blinds us to compelling truths, about authoritarianism, and also about ourselves.

scholarly journals Historical and structural survey of 19th and early 20th century built heritage in northern Vojvodina

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-282
Author(s):  
Viktorija Aladzic ◽  
Slobodan Grkovic ◽  
Olivera Dulic
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
The Subject

Studies of the historical development of construction and applied building materials have so far mainly focused on the most important architectural and engineering achievements that had a major impact on further developments. This paper focuses on the development of structures and building materials in a region that has not been the subject of previous researches, as the buildings studied belong to the narrow geographical area of northern Vojvodina during the period when it was part of Austro-Hungarian Empire. The research includes a detailed analysis of the preserved archival material, review of the literature, as well as analysis and research on individual buildings during restoration works. The results shown in the paper reveal the appearance of exceptional design solutions for individual structures and architectural achievements in the seemingly uninteresting and stalled provincial environment.

On the ‘Topographical Turn’: Concepts of Space in Cultural Studies and Kulturwissenschaften. A Cartographic Feud

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Weigel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Whole Language ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
Anglo American

Addressing the ‘topographical turn’ in cultural theory which emphasizes spatial constellations and sites, the article discusses concepts of space both in Anglo-American Cultural Theory and in European Culture Studies in order to develop their differences. Within Cultural Studies the program to ‘spatialize’ historical narratives has created a whole language of symbolic topographical figures which function as a counter-discourse for minorities. To argue against the tendency of translating theories in order to transform them into ‘neutral tools’, independent of their historical origin, the article discusses various space-discourses in European cultural theories; it refers to studies from the current cultural reorientation of the humanities but also to those from the early 20th century to illuminate different relationships between philosophy, historiography and cultural techniques.

Manufacturing Shintō as a “World Religion”

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-207
Author(s):  
Mark MacWilliams
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World Religion ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Survey Courses

Abstract How is Shintō presented in Anglo-American world religions textbooks? While not included in the earliest of such survey courses, it regularly appears in such texts from the early 20th century to the present. Why is Shintō included as one of “great” or “world” religions given how greatly it differs from the likes of Christianity and Islam? Textbook authors include Shintō by constructing an image of it that reflects their own model of world religions, an image that is also based on the “Shintō” that Meiji Japanese officials and scholars invented for their own political-ideological purposes. The standard portrayal of Shintō in Western textbooks has remained more or less the same for a century: It is described as (1) an archaic religion; (2) centered on Japanese imperial mythology; (3) nature worship; (4) apolitical, emphasizing personal piety at shrines. While the most recent editions have tried to incorporate new scholarship in their portrayal, they still rely a world religions model of Shintō that is seriously misleading, failing to adequately present Shintō’s complexities as a tradition.

CINEMATIC GOVERNMENTALITY: CINEMA AND EDUCATION IN MODERN IRAN, 1900S–1930S

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-269
Author(s):  
Golbarg Rekabtalaei
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
Newspaper Articles

AbstractMuch of the scholarship on the history of Iranian cinema considers film spectatorship in the first three decades of the 20th century as a leisure practice with origins in royalist and elitist entertainment forms. However, a close reading of archival material from this era reveals that cinema's significance extended well beyond its role as a pastime, as it became engaged in the governance of the self and disciplinary strategies of the state in Iran's experience of modernity in the early 20th century. In this article, I reperiodize the history of cinema in Iran by demonstrating the entanglement of cinema in popular nationalist discourses on education prior to cinema's institutionalization in the 1930s. Drawing on newspaper articles, film announcements, official documents, and poems, I show how, despite the absence of a centralized cinema institution in the 1910s and early 1920s, cosmopolitan citizens in dialogue with global trends promoted cinema as a means for the governance of selfhood and moral edification in the service of national progress. With the appropriation of cinema by the Pahlavi state in the 1930s, cinema was used as a technique of governmentality that aimed to conduct the conduct of individuals and shape an Iranian civic society.

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