New Zealand Medical Missions in South China – Ko Tong Hospital in the Kirk Years, 1896-1917

<p>During the rainy season of 1909, the first hospital of Western medicine opened to the public in the bustling market town of Ko Tong, Upper Panyu, China. Po Wai Yiyuen, or ‘The Hospital of Universal Love’, was a medical missionary endeavour of the Canton Villages Mission (CVM) of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, the only mission to China from any New Zealand church. This thesis presents the first in-depth biographical and institutional study of the CVM’s medical mission, from its conception in 1898 until the closure of its first temporary hospital at Ko Tong in 1917. The thesis argues that the trajectory of the CVM’s medical mission closely followed that of earlier medical missions in a crucial era for the presence and development of Western medicine in China. It also shows how local Cantonese responses to the medical mission in Ko Tong were complex and highly pragmatic. The study highlights the importance of relationships between returned New Zealand Chinese miners and medical missionaries. It argues that, despite numerous setbacks, the CVM’s medical mission under the leadership of Dr. John Kirk achieved a level of stability and purpose it would struggle to find again. Unlike much scholarship in New Zealand Chinese history, this research does not focus on the Chinese in New Zealand. Rather, it analyses the work and interactions of Western medical missionaries of the New Zealand Presbyterian Church active in China. A study of this kind draws on and contributes to histories of missions, medicine in China, and New Zealand-China interactions. The thesis’ three chapters contextualise the medical mission within the pre-existing Protestant missionary movement and medical missionary movement in China, consider how local Cantonese in Ko Tong viewed the ‘foreign doctor’ in their midst, and finally, analyse the influence and leadership of Dr. John Kirk, the hospital’s main superintendent. It does this by examining mission policy, the hospital’s medical care standards, and Kirk’s involvement in medical education. This research utilises primary sources from the Presbyterian Church Archives of New Zealand, highlighting an immensely rich and varied body of archival resources, which has remained largely untapped by historians.</p>

New Zealand Medical Missions in South China – Ko Tong Hospital in the Kirk Years, 1896-1917

<p>During the rainy season of 1909, the first hospital of Western medicine opened to the public in the bustling market town of Ko Tong, Upper Panyu, China. Po Wai Yiyuen, or ‘The Hospital of Universal Love’, was a medical missionary endeavour of the Canton Villages Mission (CVM) of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, the only mission to China from any New Zealand church. This thesis presents the first in-depth biographical and institutional study of the CVM’s medical mission, from its conception in 1898 until the closure of its first temporary hospital at Ko Tong in 1917. The thesis argues that the trajectory of the CVM’s medical mission closely followed that of earlier medical missions in a crucial era for the presence and development of Western medicine in China. It also shows how local Cantonese responses to the medical mission in Ko Tong were complex and highly pragmatic. The study highlights the importance of relationships between returned New Zealand Chinese miners and medical missionaries. It argues that, despite numerous setbacks, the CVM’s medical mission under the leadership of Dr. John Kirk achieved a level of stability and purpose it would struggle to find again. Unlike much scholarship in New Zealand Chinese history, this research does not focus on the Chinese in New Zealand. Rather, it analyses the work and interactions of Western medical missionaries of the New Zealand Presbyterian Church active in China. A study of this kind draws on and contributes to histories of missions, medicine in China, and New Zealand-China interactions. The thesis’ three chapters contextualise the medical mission within the pre-existing Protestant missionary movement and medical missionary movement in China, consider how local Cantonese in Ko Tong viewed the ‘foreign doctor’ in their midst, and finally, analyse the influence and leadership of Dr. John Kirk, the hospital’s main superintendent. It does this by examining mission policy, the hospital’s medical care standards, and Kirk’s involvement in medical education. This research utilises primary sources from the Presbyterian Church Archives of New Zealand, highlighting an immensely rich and varied body of archival resources, which has remained largely untapped by historians.</p>

Peran Kepemimpinan Misi Paulus dan Implikasinya bagi Pemimpin Misi Masa Kini

Abstrak Gereja pada zaman ini mulai kehilangan esensi dan tujuan utamanya untuk memberitakan Injil. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan gereja kurang optimal dalam pemberitaan Injil adalah lemahnya kepemimpinan misi yang dimiliki. Kepemimpinan misi adalah kemampuan seseorang untuk mempengaruhi dan menggerakan orang supaya terlibat aktif dalam misi Allah. Salah satu tokoh besar dalam kegerakan misi di dunia adalah Rasul Paulus. Oleh sebab itu, penilitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter kepemimpinan misi yang dilakukan oleh Paulus dan menghubungkan menjadi implikasi bagi pemimpin pada misi kini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah adanya 5 prinsip kepemimpinan misi Paulus yang dapat diimplikasikan bagi pemimpin masa kini, yaitu berdoa dan terlibat aktif dalam pengabaran Injil (Integritas). Lalu mendidik jemaat dan mencetak pemimpin lokal. Dan menentukan standar misionaris.serta mempersiapkan misionaris untuk diutus. Dan yang selanjutnya mendukung misionaris melalui doa, motivasi, dan pencarian solusi atas setiap persoalan. Lalu yang terakhir di atas semua strategi yang Paulus lakukan, Paulus selalu bergantung kepada Allah. Abstract The church today begins to lose its essence and main purpose to preach the gospel. One of the factors that causes the church to be less than optimal in preaching the gospel is the weakness of its mission leadership. Mission leadership is a person's ability to influence and move people to be actively involved in God's mission. One of the great figures in the missionary movement in the world was the Apostle Paul. Therefore, this study aims to determine the character of mission leadership carried out by Paul and link it to the implications for leaders on current missions. The research method used is a qualitative method with a literature study approach. The result of this research is that there are 5 principles of Paul's mission leadership that can be implicated for today's leaders, namely praying and being actively involved in preaching the gospel (Integrity). Then educate the congregation and produce local leaders. And setting missionary standards and preparing missionaries to be sent. And that further supports missionaries through prayer, motivation, and finding solutions to every problem. Then the last, above all the strategies that Paul did, Paul always depended on God

Protestant Children, Missions and Education in the British World

The British Protestant children’s missionary movement of the nineteenth and early- to mid-twentieth century was an educational movement, wherein philanthropy and pedagogy went hand in hand. Bringing an educational lens to bear on this group provides a more cohesive interpretive framework by which to make sense of the various elements than hitherto has been considered. As such, the Protestant children’s missionary movement emerges historically as a much more complex entity than simply a means of raising money or cramming heads full of knowledge. Across a range of geographic settings it acted as: a key site of juvenile religious and identity formation; a defining vehicle for the creation and maintenance of various types or scales of community (local, denominational, emotional, regional, national or global); a movement within which civic and religious messages were emphatically conflated (especially with respect to nation and empire); and in which children both participated in imperial or quasi-global networks of information exchange (especially as consumers of missionary periodicals) and became informed, active and responsive agents of missionary support in their own right.

Polycentric Theology, Mission, and Mission Leadership

Though it began with an assumption that there was one universal and normative Christian theology, the modern missionary movement has resulted in the emergence of polycentric theology. As each new centre thinks through the meaning of the faith in contextual terms, it offers a distinctive theology – to the extent that it becomes a question whether any universal theological affirmation can be possible. Meanwhile the theory and practice of mission has been no less radically reshaped by a polycentric vision, with the concept of “mission from the margins” capturing the imagination. A profound openness to others and, ultimately, the deep spiritual discernment that is sensitive to the presence and action of the Spirit of God in our world, is the essential equipment needed for leadership in mission today.

Mission Challenges in the New Millenium

This paper is an analysis of various collective resources to consider new challenges in the world of mission. Throughout the third millennium, Christianity was faced with historically enormous goals and opportunities. The missionary activity is more than two centuries old. It appears that God moved His people in the event of a great wave of spreading the gospel to various parts of the world. This missionary movement has made it possible for the gospel to be accepted and heard by thousands and even millions of people representing various tribes, ethnicities and cultures. The Bible is translated into hundreds of languages and dialects. according to the phenomenon observed above, today the Church and Christianity are fast paced changes in this era actually raises a hope of the birth of a new mission movement in the challenges of the new millennium. This paper aims to provide a missiological overview of the possibility of a new missionary movement emerging.

Religious Elements in Embrace of the Serpent (2015): Transforming the Dichotomies between an Amazonian payé and Western Expeditioners in the Wake of the Rubber Industry

Embrace of the Serpent (2015), directed by Ciro Guerra, narrates the parallel stories of Theo and Evan whose main purpose is to find the yakruna plant in the Amazon rainforest. Both men are guided by the payé Karamakate. The first story depicts Theo’s encounter with Karamakate and their travel through the Amazon for yakruna, which can cure Theo of his disease. Along the way, one comes to witness the parallel often disturbing events in the wake of colonialism, capitalism and the Catholic missionary movement. The second story narrates Evan’s encounter with Karamakate three decennia later, but this time, the viewer is informed about Theo’s preceding story and comes to see the devastating consequences. While Theo ultimately fails to utilize yakruna, Evan manages to find and utilize the plant, which leads him towards a radical self-transformation. In this way, Evan and Karamakate succeed where Theo and Karamakate failed. While Embrace of the Serpent has been hailed for its cinematography, its representation of the ecological decay, and the effects of Western colonialism, further reflection is needed with respect to the religious elements in the film. In doing so, this article proves that the film deals not only with the socio-political and ecological realities on the ground, but also with existential questions.

Galician Basilian Monks and the Reform of the OSBG in Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy

The article analyzes the activities of Galician Basilian monks through the prism of the OSBG (Order of St. Basil the Great) reform in Mukachevo Greek Catholic eparchy. Relying on a wide range of archival sources and using modern socioanthropological methodological approaches, the author has clarified the preconditions and reasons for the Order’s reform and described the attitude of Greek Catholic monks to those changes. In the course of the study, the author has come to the conclusion that as of December 1938, all monasteries of Subcarpathian Ruthenia were involved in the reform. Of course, each monastery was in a different state and had certain functions. Thus, Mukachevo monastery became a center of pilgrimage and an educational base for monks with a strong novitiate (according to the inspection carried out by Professor Josef Foltynovskyi on behalf of Pope Pius XI as of December 10, 1924, it included a total of 21 novices). Uzhhorod monastery turned into a cultural and educational center, successfully training students and operating a printing house. Malyi Bereznyi monastery was the heart of the missionary movement, providing after 1928 philosophical and theological studies for candidates’ preparation, while, due to their later involvement in the reform, Imstychiv and Boroniavo monasteries remained in the most difficult condition and hosted unreformed monks.

Menelusuri Pola Fiqh Muhammadiyah Dalam Perspektif Tarikh Tasyri'

The discourse that is always discussed from time to time is how the concept and position of madzhab in Islam. The beginning of the emergence of schools of thought has appeared since thousands of years ago. In the Tasyri Date, the madzhab tradition is a scientific tradition that has long been in effect after the Prophet Saw and generations of companions died. In Indonesia, it is undeniable that in general various sects have grown and developed, especially in matters of fiqh, both worship and muamalah. This is inseparable from the fact that the majority of Muslims claim to be Islamic schools of thought. Muhammadiyah as an Islamic missionary movement, amar ma'ruf nahi munkar, has since the beginning affirmed itself as an organization based on the al-Qur'an and as-Sunnah and does not tie itself to any particular Madzhab. If this statement is not read correctly and proportionally there is an impression that Muhammadiyah is truly anti-Madzhab. This paper intends to give one view that Muhammadiyah is not what they say. Through the method of reading or the perspective of the Tasyri Date with various sources, be it books, books, journals or other sources, various Fiqh patterns that developed during the Prophet's period, the Sahaba period, the Imam Mujtahid period, the Taqlid period and the period of Ijtihad reopening will be found. So that from these periods it will be found how the Muhammadiyah fiqh pattern and its position towards the opinion of the Madzhab.

Missions

This chapter examines the multiple roles which Jonathan Edwards had with respect to missions. During his time at Northampton, Edwards included his understanding of the ‘heathen’ in his theological writings, especially with respect to the end times and the establishment of the kingdom of God. While serving as a missionary-pastor at Stockbridge, Edwards adapted his sermon style to more effectively minister to his Indian audience. It is possible that this adaptation was, in part, catalysed by the Native Americans themselves. Posthumously, Edwards’s voluminous writings, in particular the Humble Attempt and The Life of David Brainerd, played important roles in creating the modern Protestant missionary movement and in motivating and training many of the missionaries who went abroad from Britain and the United States.