Revisited phylogeny of Bethylinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) solves basal polytomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-346
Author(s):  
Magno S. Ramos ◽  
Celso O. Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Strongly Convex ◽  
The Family ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time

Bethylinae are a morphologically well-defined subfamily of Bethylidae, with remarkable characters, such as strongly convex clypeal carina and bifid and angled tarsal claws. However, there is no consensus about the phylogenetic relationships among the genera within the family, regarding mainly Eupsenella and Lytopsenella. To resolve this problem, a phylogeny of the Bethylinae is inferred based on parsimony analyses separately of 43 and 44 morphological characters for males and females, respectively. We performed combined analyses of both sexes with 49 morphological characters, including genitalia. We present a phylogenetic analysis, including a total 118 species of Bethylinae. Male and female characters were included in these analyses. We discuss wing morphology and deformability of forewings for the first time. In summary, the basal polytomy was solved for the first time. Seven of the eight genera were recovered as monophyletic groups. The unique exception is Goniozus, which was retrieved as paraphyletic in all topologies.

Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Hylodinae (Anura, Leptodactylidae) based on morphological characters

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca do Val ◽  
Paulo Nuin
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Family

AbstractThe systematics and phylogenetic relationships of the family Leptodactylidae are controversial as is the intrafamilial phylogeny of the leptodactylids. Here we analyze the relationships of the leptodactylid subfamily Hylodinae. This subfamily has been considered to be monophyletic and composed of three genera, Hylodes, Crossodactylus and Megaelosia. In the present study 49 characters were used, based on different studies on Leptodactylidae phylogeny. Maximum parsimony methods with unweighted and successively weighted characters were used to estimate the phylogeny of the Hylodinae. Upon analysis, the data provided further evidence of the monophyletic status of the three genera, with Megaelosia being the basal genus and the other two genera being sister taxa. The analysis with successive weighting results in a more resolved topology of the species subgroups of the genus Hylodes and separates this genus from Crossodactylus and confirms that the hylodines are monophyletic.

scholarly journals Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1731) ◽  
pp. 1093-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Heikkilä ◽  
Lauri Kaila ◽  
Marko Mutanen ◽  
Carlos Peña ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

Although the taxonomy of the ca 18 000 species of butterflies and skippers is well known, the family-level relationships are still debated. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the superfamilies Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea and Hedyloidea to date based on morphological and molecular data. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. We estimated times and rates of diversification along lineages in order to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Our results suggest that the butterflies, as traditionally understood, are paraphyletic, with Papilionidae being the sister-group to Hesperioidea, Hedyloidea and all other butterflies. Hence, the families in the current three superfamilies should be placed in a single superfamily Papilionoidea. In addition, we find that Hedylidae is sister to Hesperiidae, and this novel relationship is supported by two morphological characters. The families diverged in the Early Cretaceous but diversified after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene event. The diversification of butterflies is characterized by a slow speciation rate in the lineage leading to Baronia brevicornis , a period of stasis by the skippers after divergence and a burst of diversification in the lineages leading to Nymphalidae, Riodinidae and Lycaenidae.

scholarly journals Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Sars (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) and Cletodidae T. Scott, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis regarding the relationships of the Laophontoidea T. Scott, Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-498
Author(s):  
Kai Horst George
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Swimming Leg

Uncovering the systematics of CopepodaHarpacticoida, the second-most abundant component of the meiobenthos after Nematoda, is of major importance for any further research dedicated especially to ecological and biogeographical approaches. Based on the evolution of the podogennontan first swimming leg, a new phylogenetic concept of the Ancorabolidae Sars and Cletodidae T. Scott sensu Por (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) is presented, using morphological characteristics. It confirms the polyphyletic status of the Ancorabolidae and its subfamily Ancorabolinae Sars and the paraphyletic status of the subfamily Laophontodinae Lang. Moreover, it clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of the so far assigned members of the family. An exhaustive phylogenetic analysis was undertaken using 150 morphological characters, resulting in the establishment of a now well-justified monophylum Ancorabolidae. In that context, the Ancorabolus-lineage sensu Conroy-Dalton and Huys is elevated to sub-family rank. Furthermore, the membership of Ancorabolina George in a rearranged monophylum Laophontodinae is confirmed. Conversely, the Ceratonotus-group sensu Conroy-Dalton is transferred from the hitherto Ancorabolinae to the Cletodidae. Within these, the Ceratonotus-group and its hypothesised sister-group Cletodes Brady are combined to form a monophyletic subfamily Cletodinae T. Scott, subfam. nov. Consequently, it was necessary to restructure the Ancorabolidae, Ancorabolinae and Laophontodinae and extend the Cletodidae to include the displacement and exclusion of certain taxa. Moreover, comparison of the Ancorabolidae, Cletodidae, Laophontoidea and other Podogennonta shows that the Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae form sister-groups in a monophylum Cletodoidea Bowman and Abele, which similarly has a sister-group-relationship with the Laophontoidea T. Scott. According to the present study, both taxa constitute a derived monophylum within the Podogennonta Lang.

Phylogenetic analysis of the rumen ciliate family Ophryoscolecidae based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequences, with new sequences fromDiplodinium,Eudiplodinium, andOphryoscolex

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 963-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
André-Denis G. Wright ◽  
Denis H. Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
Ribosomal Rna Sequences ◽  
The Family

Phylogenetic relationships within the largest family of entodiniomorphid rumen ciliates, the Ophryoscolecidae, were inferred from comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. These included three new sequences from Diplodinium dentatum (1638 base pairs (bp)), Eudiplodinium maggii (1637 bp), and Ophryoscolex purkynjei (1636 bp). Using morphological characters, Lubinsky constructed a cladogram of the Ophryoscolecidae, and on the basis of his analysis, he divided the family into three subfamilies (Entodiniinae, Diplodiniinae, Ophryoscolecinae) to reflect his "natural" groupings (G. Lubinsky. 1957. Can. J. Zool. 35: 141 – 159). Our cladistic analysis, based on the limited morphological and ultrastructural data available, indicates that there are no synapomorphies supporting the Diplodiniinae sensu Lubinsky. However, based upon the six 18S sequences for the Ophryoscolecidae, the rumen ciliates are monophyletic and fall into three distinct groups corresponding to Lubinsky's subfamilial division of the family. Our molecular analysis shows Entodinium to be the earliest branching rumen ciliate (subfamily Entodiniinae) and Eudiplodinium, not Diplodiium, branching first among the diplodiniines.

A revision of Neotropical Eneopterinae crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Eneopteridae) with a phylogenetic discussion

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Robillard ◽  
Laure Desutter-Grandcolas
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time

AbstractA revision of Eneopterinae crickets from the Neotropical region is achieved in a cladistic perspective using for the first time characters of male and female genitalia and male forewing venation. Each genus is redefined and its monophyly assessed with reference to all known Eneopterinae genera. 6 new species are described (Eneoptera gracilis, E. nigripedis, Ligypterus belmontensis, L. linharensis, L. pernambucensis and Ponca hebardi) and an identification key is proposed for both males and females. Phylogenetic relationships are discussed and distributions characterised.

Phylogenetic revision of Acupalpa Kröber (Diptera: Therevidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun L. Winterton
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
First Time ◽  
Phylogenetic Revision ◽  
One New Species

AbstractAcupalpa is revised to include five described species: A. albitarsa Mann, A. divisa (Walker), A. pollinosa Mann, A. rostrata Kröber and A. semirufa Mann, and one new species, A. irwini sp. n. All species are brightly coloured wasp mimics with morphological and behavioural characteristics associated with mimicry of pompilid wasps. A key to genera and species is presented with male and female genitalia described and figured for the first time. All species of Acupalpa were compared in a cladistic analysis with two species of Agapophytus using 34 states across 16 adult morphological characters, which resulted in three most parsimonious trees (length = 58 steps). The phylogenetic relationships of species of Acupalpa are discussed in light of the analysis.

Systematics, phylogeny and host associations of the Australian endemic monaloniine genus Rayieria Odhiambo (Insecta : Heteroptera : Miridae : Bryocorinae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna A. Namyatova ◽  
Gerasimos Cassis
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Host Associations

The Australian endemic plant bug genus Rayieria Odhiambo (Heteroptera : Miridae : Bryocorinae : Monaloniina) is revised. Ten species are described as new to science: Rayieria acaciae, sp. nov., R. albaornata, sp. nov., R. decorata, sp. nov., R. frontalis, sp. nov., R. gearyi, sp. nov., R. grandiocula, sp. nov., R. kennedyi, sp. nov., R. minuta, sp. nov.. R. queenslandica, sp. nov., and R. rubranigra, sp. nov. Rayieria braconoides (Walker) and R. tumidiceps (Horváth) are synonymised with R. basifer (Walker), syn. nov. Diagnoses, descriptions, distribution records and host-plant information for all species are given. Digital habitus illustrations of males and females are provided for most species and sexes where available. Male and female genitalia are illustrated for each species. A key to all species is given. Phylogenetic analysis of the ingroup relationships of Rayieria is given, based on 11 ingroups, 16 outgroups and 56 morphological characters. The analysis supports monophyly of Rayieria and establishes a clade comprising all other elongate monaloniine genera, inclusive of Arthriticus Bergroth, Ragwelellus Odhiambo, Helopeltis Signoret and Monalonion Herrich-Schaeffer. Braconid-mimic species of Rayieria are reported. Host-plant associations for this genus and the subtribe Monaloniina are discussed.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-395
Author(s):  
Karla D. A. Soares ◽  
Marcelo R. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
The Family ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Meristic Data

The genus Scyliorhinus is part of the family Scyliorhinidae, the most diverse family of sharks and of the subfamily Scyliorhininae along with Cephaloscyllium and Poroderma. This study reviews the phylogenetic relationships of species of Scyliorhinus in the subfamily Scyliorhininae. Specimens of all Scyliorhinus species were examined as well as specimens of four of the 18 species of Cephaloscyllium, two species of Poroderma, representatives of almost all other catshark (scyliorhinid) genera and one proscylliid (Proscyllium habereri). A detailed morphological study, including external and internal morphology, morphometry and meristic data, was performed. From this study, a total of 84 morphological characters were compiled into a data matrix. Parsimony analysis was employed to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships using the TNT 1.1. Proscyllium habereri was used to root the cladogram. The phylogenetic analysis, based on implied weighting (k = 3; 300 replications and 100 trees saved per replication), resulted in three equally most parsimonious cladograms with 233 steps, with a CI of 0.37 and an RI of 0.69. The monophyly of the subfamily Scyliorhininae is supported as well as of the genus Scyliorhinus, which is proposed to be the sister group of Cephaloscyllium. The phylogenetic relationships amongst Scyliorhinus species are presented for the first time.

Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Atopobathynella Schminke (Bathynellacea:Parabathynellidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo-Lae Cho ◽  
W. F. Humphreys ◽  
Sang-Don Lee
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Retention Index ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Consistency Index ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
The Family ◽  
Distributional Patterns

The present study attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among species of Atopobathynella Schminke, 1973 in order to elucidate their distributional patterns and to seek a mechanism for the worldwide colonisation of the limnic interstitial by the Parabathynellidae. We describe six new Atopobathynella recently discovered in Western Australia: A. gascoyneensis, sp. nov., A. hinzeae, sp. nov., A. schminkei, sp. nov., A. wattsi, sp. nov., A. readi, sp. nov. and A. glenayleensis, sp. nov. The phylogenetic relationships among these species and four previously known species in the genus are assessed using 28 morphological characters. The analysis yielded two most parsimonious trees 71 steps long with consistency index 0.5070, retention index 0.5270, and rescaled consistency index 0.2672. One of these trees supports the grouping of A. readi, sp. nov. + (((A. wattsi, sp. nov. + A. glenaylensis, sp. nov.) + (A. hospitalis Schminke, 1973 (A. gascoyneensis, sp. nov. (A. schminkei, sp. nov. + A. hinzeae, sp. nov.)))) + (A. valdiviana (Noodt, 1964) (A. compagana Schminke, 1973 + A. chelifera Schminke, 1973))). We discuss the monophyly of Atopobathynella and its phylogenetic position within the family Parabathynellidae. The results of the phylogenetic analysis and the biogeographical data suggest that the ancestors of Atopobathynella colonized groundwater via limnic surface water.

Poikilolaimus carsiops n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) associated with Neotermes koshunensis (Kalotermitidae) in Kenting National Park, Taiwan

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Hou-Feng Li ◽  
Yen-Chiu Lan ◽  
Hajime Kosaka ◽  
Robin M. Giblin-Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
National Park ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Southern Taiwan ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Kenting National Park

Abstract During a survey of termite-associated nematodes in southern Taiwan (Kenting National Park), two species of Poikilolaimus, Poikilolaimus cf. floridensis and an undescribed species, were isolated from termites in the family Kalotermitidae. The undescribed species is morphologically observed, described and figured herein as P. carsiops n. sp. The new species is characterised by an unusual cross-shaped stomatal opening formed by two well developed dorsal and two subventral lip sectors, each with a triangular flap and two vestigial lateral lip sectors lacking a flap, and several other morphological characters. Based upon morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis, P. carsiops n. sp. is closest to P. floridensis; i. e., these two species share a plesiomorphic regular cuticle and short tail in both males and females, and a lack of metastegostomatal teeth or denticle. In the molecular phylogenetic analysis, P. carsiops n. sp. and P. floridensis formed a well-supported clade which was clearly separated from, but monophyletic with, a clade that includes the other Poikilolaimus species. Because both P. carsiops n. sp. and P. floridensis have been isolated only from the kalotermitid termites, the P. floridensis/P. carsiops n. sp. clade is considered to be specialised with dry wood and damp wood termites (Kalotermitidae).

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