scholarly journals ʿAjamī Annotations in Multilingual Manuscripts from Mande Speaking Areas: Visual and Linguistic Features

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 111-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya Ogorodnikova
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Guinea Bissau

The article describes and analyse the paratextual elements (annotations) in Soninke and Manding languages in the manuscripts from modern-day Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Burkina Faso. It focuses on specific layout of the annotations in relation to the main text, the linking and tagging/labelling techniques applied to connect them to the source text, their linguistic features and other peculiarities.

The Politics and Diplomacy of Peacekeeping in West Africa: The Ecowas Operation in Liberia

1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademola Adeleke
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
West African ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Guinea Bissau

TheEconomic Community of West African States (Ecowas) was established in May 1975 as an organisation to promote the development of the sub-region, and for 15 years did not deviate from this mandate. The 16 member-states – Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo – restricted their interactions to purely economic matters and ran shy of political issues confronting West Africa. This tradition changed in 1990 when Ecowas decided to intervene in the civil war which had broken out in Liberia. Its strategy to resolve the conflict followed two parallel but mutually interactive channels — making and enforcing peace. The former involved negotiations and arbitration; the latter the deployment in August 1990 of a 3,000 strong multinational force to supervise a cease-fire.

scholarly journals Trend analysis of production, consumption and export of cashew crop in West Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (s1) ◽  
pp. 187-202
Author(s):  
N.P. Kolliesuah ◽  
J.L. Saysay ◽  
M.M. Zinnah ◽  
A.T. Freeman ◽  
D. Chinenye
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
International Market ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Guinea Bissau

West Africa is a core producer of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), supplying 45% of the commodity on the global market. Despite this huge share of the international market, only 10% of the commodity is processed and consumed domestically. The low rate of consumption is reflected by low investment in the cashew industry, making the crop underutilised as a food and nutrition security crop in the region. The objective of this study was to analyse the trends in production, levels of consumption and export of the crop in West Africa, as a basis for informing strategic development interventions. This work utilised metadata from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation database, Nitidae and other relevant sources to explore the production, consumption and export patterns of cashew from the year 2000 up to 2017. The metadata used were analysed using descriptive statistics. The study revealed that eleven (Cote D’Ivoire, Nigeria, Benin, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Guinea, The Gambia, Senegal, and Togo) of the sixteen countries in West Africa were actively engaged in cashew production. It was also projected that production will decline in the next five years in countries such as Nigeria, Togo, Senegal, and Burkina Faso due to a reduction in the land under cashew cultivation, an increase in pest and disease infestations, coupled with a decline in genetic improvement and poor extension services. Production will remain stable in The Gambia and Guinea Bissau because most trees there are yet to hit the peak of production; and of reduced investment in research and development. Cashew consumption locally is dismal (<10% across the region) due to limited attention given to the processing industry in the region. To boost local production and consumption, as well maintain the 45% share of the international market in the next five years and beyond, it is essential to invest in genetic improvement, modification of agronomic practices, and investment in the processing industry, as well as research and development of the crop.

Gibberella xylarioides. [Distribution map].

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Gibberella xylarioides R. Heim & Saccas Ascomycota: Hypocreales Hosts: Coffee (Coffea spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe.

Rice yellow mottle sobemovirus. [Distribution map].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Yellow Mottle ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rice yellow mottle sobemovirus Viruses: Sobemovirus Hosts: Rice (Oryza sativa). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.

Language localization in scientific drug information

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Cornelia Wermuth
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Drug Information ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Drug Manufacturer ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Written Materials

Although localization is, in the first place, related to the cultural adaptation and translation of software and websites, it is important for written materials as well. In this paper we investigate how specialized medical discourse used in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) is localized in patient leaflets (PL). Both documents are issued by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and provide detailed information on the product compiled and distributed by the drug manufacturer, after EMA review and approval. We describe by means of a case study the formal and linguistic features of SmPCs and PLs and we investigate how the specialized source text is localized in its patient-friendly version. The aim of this investigation is to increase awareness and understanding of localization strategies adopted on the intralingual level in the communication of scientific-medical knowledge to a non-expert audience.

scholarly journals Visceral Leishmaniasis in West Africa: Clinical Characteristics, Vectors, and Reservoirs

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoulaye K. Kone ◽  
Doumbo Safiatou Niaré ◽  
Martine Piarroux ◽  
Arezki Izri ◽  
Pierre Marty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most serious form of human leishmaniasis. VL is understudied in West Africa. The increasing number of patients at-risk, including persons living with HIV and other chronic immunosuppressive diseases, and likely underreporting of VL related to diagnostic challenges advocate for review of existing data to understand VL regional epidemiology. Our review aims to describe the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of Human VL (HVL) in West Africa. We conducted a literature search to identify peer-reviewed articles and grey literature sources using the search terms “Visceral leishmaniasis West Africa”, “Leishmania donovani West Africa”; and “Leishmania infantum West Africa”. Thirty published articles report HVL from seven countries, including The Gambia, Niger, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Togo, Burkina Faso, and Guinea Bissau. Three countries report cases of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL), including The Gambia, Senegal, and Burkina Faso. Niger, Nigeria, and Ivory Coast report the greatest number of HVL cases. As VL is present in West Africa, active surveillance, increased diagnostic capacity, and studies of vectors and reservoirs are essential to better understand VL epidemiology in the region.

scholarly journals Household Costs Associated With Seeking Malaria Treatment During Pregnancy: Evidence From Burkina Faso and The Gambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia Duval ◽  
Elisa Sicuri ◽  
Susana Scott ◽  
Maminata Traoré ◽  
Bunja Daabo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Drug Costs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Malaria Episode

Abstract Background: Malaria in pregnancy remains a major health threat in sub-Saharan Africa to both expectant mothers and their unborn children. To date, there have been very few studies focused on the costs associated with seeking treatment for malaria during pregnancy. Methods . A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Burkina Faso and The Gambia to estimate the direct (medical and non-medical) and indirect costs associated with outpatient consultations (OP) and inpatient admissions (IP). In total, 220 pregnant women in Burkina Faso and 263 pregnant women in The Gambia were interviewed about their treatment seeking decisions, expenditure, time use and financial support associated with each malaria episode . Results : In Burkina Faso 6.7% sought treatment elsewhere before their OP visits, and 32.9% before their IP visits. This compares to 1.3% for OP and 24.1% for IP in The Gambia. Once at the facility, the average direct costs (out of pocket) were 3.91US$ for an OP visit and 15.38US$ of an IP visit in Burkina Faso, and 2.75US$ for an OP visit and 9.19US$ for an IP visit in The Gambia. Inpatient direct costs were driven by drug costs (9.27US$) and transportation costs (2.72US$) in Burkina Faso and drug costs (3.44 US$) and food costs (3.44 US$) in The Gambia. Indirect costs of IP visits, valued as the opportunity cost of time lost due to the illness, were estimated at 11.85US$ in Burkina Faso and 4.07US$ in The Gambia. The difference across the two countries was mainly due to the longer time of hospitalization in Burkina Faso compared to The Gambia. In The Gambia, the vast majority of pregnant women reported receiving financial support from family members living abroad, most commonly siblings (65%). Conclusions: To reach successful global malaria control, there is an urgent need to understand the barriers pregnant women face when seeking prevention and treatment for malaria at health facilities. Our findings suggest that direct and indirect costs, both medical and non-medical, are likely to affect access to health care.

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