THE STATE OF PLAY OF THE EC'S COMMON COMMERCIAL POLICY: A LEGAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS

Tariffs, duties and commercial policy. Duty systems and trade policies were central in the reforms proposed by the Lombard Enlightenment economists for the State of Milan. This State had originally adopted a duty scheme characterized by the presence of internal duties originating from each one of the five sub regional entities, i.e. the provinces of the State. That means that the single provinces treated the commodities coming from other provinces of the State not as home items but as if they were commodities coming from abroad. In 1764 the Vienna government established a special commission with a view to change the system. The Commission included a young Milanese patrician, Pietro Verri, the author of Considerazioni sul commercio dello Stato di Milano (Reflections on trade in the State of Milan). The treatise was highly appreciated in Vienna since it was the first to show the relation between the tariffs and the trade balance or the balance of payments. This explains why Schumpeter credited Verri as an early econometrician. Nevertheless, the studies carried out by Verri (together with Maraviglia Mantegazza) in 1762 did not lead to any practical reform of the duty system. Similarly, a new proposal suggesting to substitute a single border toll for the whole host of internal duties, did not produce any practical result. The proposal was based on a new study of the balance of trade completed in August 1773. Finally, Verri had no role in the reform adopted later in 1786, even if that was conceived on the basis of principles he had himself stated in his second attempt. But the balance of trade from which the reform was designed had been produced by Baldassarre Scorza, who was rated inferior to Verri as an ‘enlightened’ political economist.

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Making and authenticating the citizen: Naturalisation and passport application in Canada

Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies ◽

10.22215/cjers.v11i1.2503 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Catherine Frost

Keyword(s):

Policy Analysis ◽

Full Text ◽

Moral Knowledge ◽

The State ◽

Political Community ◽

The Political ◽

Human Relationships ◽

Canadian Context ◽

Fact Checking ◽

Forms Of Knowledge

How do ‘we’ know our fellow citizens? This paper considers two processes where recognition occurs in the Canadian context: passports and naturalisation. Using document and policy analysis we argue there are two major forms of knowledge called upon to sort insiders from outsiders. Mechanical knowledge involves tests and evaluations driven by document-matching, biometrics and fact-checking exercises. Moral knowledge concerns the kind of lives we live among our peers and our intentions towards the political community. We note that in the Canadian case tensions exist between expectation and reality around citizen recognition. The state increasingly aspires to know the citizen through procedural checks or material observation yet encounters limitations that require some form of interpersonal knowledge rooted in human-to-human relationships. Drawing on these processes, in conclusion we suggest that how knowledge about citizenship is framed serves to sort outsiders from insiders, endorses specific behaviours over others, and empowers the state to redefine the meaning of citizenship. Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v11i1.257

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1. Policy Analysis in Canada: The State of the Art

Policy Analysis in Canada ◽

10.3138/9781442685529-003 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Laurent Dobuzinskis ◽

Michael Howlett ◽

David Laycock

Keyword(s):

Policy Analysis ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State

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History as an Obstacle to Change: The Case of Haiti

Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs ◽

10.2307/165908 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 31 (1-2) ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mats Lundahl

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Economic Policy ◽

Policy Analysis ◽

Good Deal ◽

Economic Models ◽

The State ◽

The Political ◽

Political Will ◽

Public Policy Analysis ◽

The Government

…widespread social evils are seldom unconnected with the selfish and brutal behavior of powerful groups and individuals…(Andreski, 1966)Most economic models do not explicitly incorporate the “state” or the “government” into their analyses. Instead, this entity is viewed as a deus ex machina which plans and directs economic policy according to notions of efficiency, growth, distributional justice, and so on, that form the central concepts of the models. Unfortunately, the same naive thinking permeates a good deal of public policy analysis. This is the case, for example, with issues of development and underdevelopment. Here, attention is concentrated on “technical,” or “economic,” solutions, while taking for granted, either implicitly or explicitly, the existence of the political will necessary to implement them.

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Policy analysis in the states

Policy Analysis in the United States ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447333821.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Gary VanLandingham

Keyword(s):

Policy Analysis ◽

Nonprofit Organizations ◽

State Level ◽

Executive Branch ◽

Policy Innovation ◽

The State ◽

Think Tanks ◽

State Governments ◽

State Policymaking ◽

High Level

State governments have been called the ‘laboratories of democracy’ due to their high level of policy innovation. A great deal of policy analysis occurs at the state level to support this experimentation, including internal legislative and executive branch research offices, university think tanks, and private and nonprofit organizations that generate studies to influence state policymaking. Given the diversity among the states, it is not surprising that their policy analysis organizations and activities also vary widely. While state-level policy analysis has grown rapidly, it has also fragmented, and many policy analysis organizations face important challenges. This chapter discusses these trends and the future of policy analysis in the states.

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Policy analysis in Mexico: an introduction

Policy Analysis in Mexico ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447329152.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Policy Analysis ◽

The State ◽

Legislative Power ◽

General Overview ◽

Federal Administration ◽

Subnational Governments

This chapter provides a general overview of the volume. It highlights some historical and political features of Mexico, particularly those related to the country’s recent democratisation and economic liberalisation. The chapter underlines the central role that the state and its federal administration have played in terms of producing policy analysis and leading policymaking processes, and how this has in turn constrained the development of policy analytical capacities among other public actors such as the legislative power and subnational governments. The chapter then describes the contents of the book, outlining the main topics addressed by the various authors and how they contribute to increasing our knowledge about how policy analysis is conducted in Mexico.

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