Reliability of the Crossed-Hands Deficit in Tactile Temporal Order Judgements

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Kaian Unwalla ◽  
Hannah Kearney ◽  
David I. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Stimulus Location ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Temporal Order Judgement

Abstract Crossing the hands over the midline impairs performance on a tactile temporal order judgement (TOJ) task, resulting in the crossed-hands deficit. This deficit results from a conflict between two reference frames — one internal (somatotopic) and the other external (spatial) — for coding stimulus location. The substantial individual differences observed in the crossed-hands deficit highlight the differential reliance on these reference frames. For example, women have been reported to place a greater emphasis on the external reference frame than men, resulting in a larger crossed-hands deficit for women. It has also been speculated that individuals with an eating disorder place a greater weight on the external reference frame. Further exploration of individual differences in reference frame weighing using a tactile TOJ task requires that the reliability of the task be established. In Experiment 1, we investigated the reliability of the tactile TOJ task across two sessions separated by one week and found high reliability in the magnitude of the crossed-hands deficit. In Experiment 2, we report the split-half reliability across multiple experiments (both published and unpublished). Overall, tactile TOJ reliability was high. Experiments with small to moderate crossed-hands deficits showed good reliability; those with larger deficits showed even higher reliability. Researchers should try to maximize the size of the effect when interested in individual differences in the use of the internal and external reference frames.

scholarly journals Exploring Reference Frame Integration Using Response Demands in a Tactile Temporal-Order Judgement Task

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Kaian Unwalla ◽  
Daniel Goldreich ◽  
David I. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
Spatial Reference Frames ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Temporal Order Judgement ◽  
Bias Condition

Abstract Exploring the world through touch requires the integration of internal (e.g., anatomical) and external (e.g., spatial) reference frames — you only know what you touch when you know where your hands are in space. The deficit observed in tactile temporal-order judgements when the hands are crossed over the midline provides one tool to explore this integration. We used foot pedals and required participants to focus on either the hand that was stimulated first (an anatomical bias condition) or the location of the hand that was stimulated first (a spatiotopic bias condition). Spatiotopic-based responses produce a larger crossed-hands deficit, presumably by focusing observers on the external reference frame. In contrast, anatomical-based responses focus the observer on the internal reference frame and produce a smaller deficit. This manipulation thus provides evidence that observers can change the relative weight given to each reference frame. We quantify this effect using a probabilistic model that produces a population estimate of the relative weight given to each reference frame. We show that a spatiotopic bias can result in either a larger external weight (Experiment 1) or a smaller internal weight (Experiment 2) and provide an explanation of when each one would occur.

scholarly journals Haptic awareness changes when lying down

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaian Unwalla ◽  
Michelle L. Cadieux ◽  
David I. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Accurate Localization ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Vestibular Information ◽  
Temporal Order Judgement ◽  
Lying Down

AbstractAccurate localization of touch requires the integration of two reference frames—an internal (e.g., anatomical) and an external (e.g., spatial). Using a tactile temporal order judgement task with the hands crossed over the midline, we investigated the integration of these two reference frames. We manipulated the reliability of the visual and vestibular information, both of which contribute to the external reference frame. Visual information was manipulated between experiments (Experiment 1 was done with full vision and Experiment 2 was done while wearing a blindfold). Vestibular information was manipulated in both experiments by having the two groups of participants complete the task in both an upright posture and one where they were lying down on their side. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model, we estimated the perceptual weight applied to these reference frames. Lying participants on their side reduced the weight applied to the external reference frame and produced a smaller deficit; blindfolding resulted in similar reductions. These findings reinforce the importance of the visual system when weighting tactile reference frames, and highlight the importance of the vestibular system in this integration.

Imagine Your Crossed Hands as Uncrossed: Visual Imagery Impacts the Crossed-Hands Deficit

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Lisa Lorentz ◽  
Kaian Unwalla ◽  
David I. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Tactile Localization ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Localization Performance ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Successful interaction with our environment requires accurate tactile localization. Although we seem to localize tactile stimuli effortlessly, the processes underlying this ability are complex. This is evidenced by the crossed-hands deficit, in which tactile localization performance suffers when the hands are crossed. The deficit results from the conflict between an internal reference frame, based in somatotopic coordinates, and an external reference frame, based in external spatial coordinates. Previous evidence in favour of the integration model employed manipulations to the external reference frame (e.g., blindfolding participants), which reduced the deficit by reducing conflict between the two reference frames. The present study extends this finding by asking blindfolded participants to visually imagine their crossed arms as uncrossed. This imagery manipulation further decreased the magnitude of the crossed-hands deficit by bringing information in the two reference frames into alignment. This imagery manipulation differentially affected males and females, which was consistent with the previously observed sex difference in this effect: females tend to show a larger crossed-hands deficit than males and females were more impacted by the imagery manipulation. Results are discussed in terms of the integration model of the crossed-hands deficit.

Response Demands and Blindfolding in the Crossed-Hands Deficit: An Exploration of Reference Frame Conflict

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Cadieux ◽  
David I. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Temporal Order Judgments ◽  
Visual Conditions

Performance on tactile temporal order judgments (TOJs) is impaired when the hands are crossed over the midline. The cause of this effect appears to be tied to the use of an external reference frame, most likely based on visual information. We measured the effect of degrading the external reference frame on the crossed-hand deficit through restriction of visual information across three experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 examined three visual conditions (eyes open–lights on, eyes open–lights off, and eyes closed–lights off) while manipulating response demands; no effect of visual condition was seen. In Experiment 3, response demands were altered to be maximally connected to the internal reference frame and only two visual conditions were tested: eyes open–lights on, eyes closed–lights off. Blindfolded participants had a reduced crossed-hands deficit. Results are discussed in terms of the time needed to recode stimuli from an internal to an external reference frame and the role of conflict between these two reference frames in causing this effect.

Object-Centered Neglect in Patients with Unilateral Neglect: Effects of Left-Right Coordinates of Objects

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Behrmann ◽  
Morris Moscovitch
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unilateral Neglect ◽  
Independent Measure ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Left And Right

When patients with right-sided hemispheric lesions neglect information on the left side, with respect to what set of spatial coordinates is left defined? Two potential reference frames were examined in this study, one where left and right are defined with respect to the midline of the viewer and/or environment (viewer/env-centered) and the other where left and right are defined with respect to the midline of the object (object-centered). By rotating the stimulus 90° clockwise or counterclockwise, and instructing patients with neglect to report the colors appearing around the border of a stimulus, an independent measure was obtained for the number of colors reported from the left and right of the viewer/env- and from the object-based reference frame. Whereas significant object-centered neglect was observed only for upper case asymmetrical letters but not for symmetrical letters nor for drawings of familiar animals or objects, significant viewer/env-based neglect was observed with all the stimulus types. We present an account of the coexistence of neglect in more than one frame of reference and the presence of object-centered neglect under a restricted set of conditions.

scholarly journals Internal control beliefs and reference frame concurrently impact early performance monitoring ERPs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela M Pfabigan ◽  
Anna M. Wucherer ◽  
Claus Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Control Beliefs ◽  
Social Reference ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of criterion-based vs. social reference frames on behavioural and event-related potential correlates of performance monitoring while taking individual differences in control beliefs into account.

scholarly journals Pragmatic High-Reliability Organizations (HRO) Modulate the Functions of Stress and Fear Behaviors During Pandemic COVID-19: The Stress-Fear-Threat Cascade

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 126-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daved van Stralen ◽  
Thomas Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
High Reliability Organizations ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Prevention And Intervention ◽  
Cognitive Understanding

Stress and fear have biological functions that, when neuromodulated, make adaptive otherwise maladaptive responses. While the concept of a defensive cascade supports cognitive understanding and hypothesis testing, approaching this domain by function using an ecological approach brings the pragmatic stance with methods for prevention and intervention. Stress, fear, and threat have distinct functions to, respectively, constrain cognition, induce cognitive focus, and reflexively respond when in danger. We differentiate reference frames between a fixed-point reference frame that distinguishes the event (stimulus) from the person (responder and response) and an experiential reference frame within cascading events. Unrecognized, the characteristics and actions of an HRO bring modulation to the defense cascade, check the effects of stress, interrupt cascading fear reactions, and abridge threat reflexes.

scholarly journals A Necessary Condition to the Simultaneous Correction of Celestial Reference Frames and Minor Planets Orbital Elements

1999 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 425-426
Author(s):  
M.J. Martínez Usó ◽  
F. Marco Castillo ◽  
J.A. López Ortí
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
Orbital Elements ◽  
Residual Function ◽  
Rotational Model ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIn order to obtain corrections to orbital elements of minor planets and to determine parameters of rotation of a reference frame, a geometrical model with restrictions in the declination, longitude of the ascending node and argument of the perihelion to minimize a residual function involving all named parameters was presented (Marco et al., 1996, 1997). On the other hand, such rotational model of correction should not modify the semiaxis, eccentricity nor the mean anomaly, so new restrictions on these parameters seem to be necessary. These conditions should reflect the invariability in the size of the orbit and they should be included in the model to complete a consistent set of restrictions.

The Reliability of Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Potts ◽  
Robin Law ◽  
John F. Golding ◽  
David Groome
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Test Items ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
Induced Forgetting

Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) refers to the finding that the retrieval of an item from memory impairs the retrieval of related items. The extent to which this impairment is found in laboratory tests varies between individuals, and recent studies have reported an association between individual differences in the strength of the RIF effect and other cognitive and clinical factors. The present study investigated the reliability of these individual differences in the RIF effect. A RIF task was administered to the same individuals on two occasions (sessions T1 and T2), one week apart. For Experiments 1 and 2 the final retrieval test at each session made use of a category-cue procedure, whereas Experiment 3 employed category-plus-letter cues, and Experiment 4 used a recognition test. In Experiment 2 the same test items that were studied, practiced, and tested at T1 were also studied, practiced, and tested at T2, but for the remaining three experiments two different item sets were used at T1 and T2. A significant RIF effect was found in all four experiments. A significant correlation was found between RIF scores at T1 and T2 in Experiment 2, but for the other three experiments the correlations between RIF scores at T1 and T2 failed to reach significance. This study therefore failed to find clear evidence for reliable individual differences in RIF performance, except where the same test materials were used for both test sessions. These findings have important implications for studies involving individual differences in RIF performance.

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