Social reference cues can reduce misinformation sharing behaviour on social media

Misinformation on social media is a key challenge to effective and timely public health responses. Existing mitigation measures include flagging misinformation or providing links to correct information but have not yet targeted social processes. Here, we examine whether providing balanced social reference cues in addition to flagging misinformation leads to reductions in sharing behavior. In 3 field experiments (N=817, N=322, and N=278) on Twitter, we show that highlighting which content others within the personal network share and, more importantly, not share combined with misinformation flags significantly and meaningfully reduces the amount of misinformation shared (Study 1-3). We show that this reduction is driven by change in injunctive social norms (Study 2) but not social identity (Study 3). Social reference cues, combined with misinformation flags, are feasible and scalable means to effectively curb sharing misinformation on social media.

How competition modulates risky decision making? Evidence from event-related oscillations (EROs) and event-related potentials (ERPs)

The current research proposal envisages designing three experiments (the flow chart see Figure 6). While both the experimental approach and the design have their strengths and limitations, they will complement one another. In study 1, I sought to investigate the rewards and losses sensitivity under monetary and social competitive context by using two edited versions of classic experimental paradigms (the doors task and the island getaway task) and manipulating two ambiguity competitive contexts in order to adapt the invisible competitive pressure in the real society (Levinson et al., 2017). In study 2 and study 3, I intend to use the monetary and social BART to measure the risk preference under monetary-drive and social-drive competition. Study 2 will focus primarily on one-on-one competitive context while study 3 will replicate the similar influence in multi-people competition. In these two studies, social reference points will be considered as an important moderator in both monetary and social competition. The distance (far and near) of social reference points will also be included in these two studies.

Seeing Green and Becoming Green: Applying Normative Social Influence to Promote Pro-Environmental Behaviour Across Two New Zealand Contexts

<p>Intervention programmes aimed at promoting pro-environmental behaviours typically rely solely on information-only appeals. However, research has shown that information-based interventions do not often lead to behaviour change, instead presenting the use of social norms as a better catalyst for change (see, e.g., Cialdini, 2003; Schultz, 1998; Schultz & Kaiser, forthcoming). The current research adds to a growing body of literature that employs normative influence (information regarding the behaviour commonly conducted by others) to promote pro-environmental behaviour. Two experimental studies compared the effectiveness of normative information with information-only environmental messages. Study 1 used a survey questionnaire to measure participants’ self-reports of household energy efficiency and Study 2 used a field experiment to directly measure hotel guests’ towel reuse. Results indicated that individuals provided with social norm information engaged in more pro-environmental behaviour than those who were presented solely with environmental information. The findings also suggest that there is a need to distinguish between types of pro-environmental behaviour and the role of social reference groups when designing normative messages. The implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research.</p>

Seeing Green and Becoming Green: Applying Normative Social Influence to Promote Pro-Environmental Behaviour Across Two New Zealand Contexts

<p>Intervention programmes aimed at promoting pro-environmental behaviours typically rely solely on information-only appeals. However, research has shown that information-based interventions do not often lead to behaviour change, instead presenting the use of social norms as a better catalyst for change (see, e.g., Cialdini, 2003; Schultz, 1998; Schultz & Kaiser, forthcoming). The current research adds to a growing body of literature that employs normative influence (information regarding the behaviour commonly conducted by others) to promote pro-environmental behaviour. Two experimental studies compared the effectiveness of normative information with information-only environmental messages. Study 1 used a survey questionnaire to measure participants’ self-reports of household energy efficiency and Study 2 used a field experiment to directly measure hotel guests’ towel reuse. Results indicated that individuals provided with social norm information engaged in more pro-environmental behaviour than those who were presented solely with environmental information. The findings also suggest that there is a need to distinguish between types of pro-environmental behaviour and the role of social reference groups when designing normative messages. The implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research.</p>

TYPOLOGY OF SOCIAL CONFRONTATION IN THE IDIOMATIC IMAGE OF MILITARY LIFE

Постановка задачи. В статье рассматриваются способы организации плана выражения фразеологизмов на материале военного жаргона, используемого в вооруженных силах США. Отнесение социолексем к разряду фразеологических сочетаний языка автор объясняет с опорой на общеизвестные признаки фразеологизма - устойчивость, образность, идиоматичность, воспроизводимость. Автор говорит о возможности классификации фразеологизмов указанной группы в социокультурном ключе, а именно: выделение темы скрытого противоборства представителей военного ремесла и связанной с ней закономерности в построении образа фразеологизма. Результаты. Установлено, что фразеологизмы военной тематики транслируют тему межличностного противоборства между представителями армейской профессии. Доказано, что образ фразеологизмов, созданный на основе военного жаргона, содержит символико-социальную референцию к фактам армейского бытия и формирует карикатурное представление о тех или иных представителях рода войск. Выводы. Исследование показало возможность более детально рассмотреть социальную составлявшую плана выражения фразеологизма военной тематики, отметить важную роль представителей узкопрофессиональной сферы в иерархизации свойственных им коммуникативно-поведенческих стратегий. Statement of the problem. The article discusses the ways of organizing the figurative basis of phraseological units based on the material of military jargon used in the US armed forces. The author explains the attribution of sociolexemes to the category of phraseological combinations of language based on the constitutional features of phraseology - stability, imagery, idiomaticity, reproducibility (in this case, the military environment). The author speaks about the possibility of classifying the phraseological units of this group in a socio-cultural way, namely: highlighting the topic of latent (to a greater extent, imaginary) confrontation between representatives of the military craft and the associated regularity in the construction of the image of phraseology. Results. It is established that the phraseological units of military subjects clearly convey the theme of interpersonal confrontation between representatives of the army profession. It is proved that the image of phraseological units, created on the basis of military jargon, contains a symbolic, mythological, social reference to the facts of life and forms a caricature representation of certain representatives of the armed forces. Conclusions. The study showed an opportunity to examine in more detail the social component of the figurative basis of idiom-jargon, to note the important role of representatives of the narrow professional sphere in the hierarchy of their characteristic communicative and behavioral strategies.

Perception of injustice and embitterment in the context of social reference systems

Background: The “belief in a just world” psychology has shown that people across the world hold an inborn general view, that people should get what they deserve, and that malbehavior should be punished. But, what is seen as unjust is defined by social reference systems. Injustice is experienced as aggression, if not humiliation and answered by the desire to fight back, to restore justice. If the experience of injustice is paired with helplessness, a typical emotional response is embitterment which is associated with the wish for revenge, social impairment, and dysfunctional behaviors. Objective of the present study was to study the relation of conditions of living and social reference systems with perceptions of injustice, and rates of embitterment. Method: A convenience sample of 139 white and 93 black citizens from Cape Town in South Africa answered questions on their socio-economic status and changes in their lives in the past years. They also filled in the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure psychological distress, the Differential Life Burden scale (DLB) to assess burdens and the Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder scale (PTED Scale), to quantify feelings of injustice and embitterment. Results: Black South Africans saw more positive changes than Whites over the past years, but nevertheless showed disadvantages in regard to education, professional qualification, employment status, and monthly income, together with significantly higher scores on the DLB, GHQ-12, and PTED scale. When looking at single items, 66.6% of black as compared to 45.3% of white participants reported about experiences evoking severe feelings of injustice, 65.4% versus 40.3% about repetitive painful memories, 53.7% versus 36.9% about an associated deterioration of well-being, and 46.2% versus 21.6% about thoughts of revenge. After controlling for monthly income, only the PTED score showed significant differences. Conclusion: Results suggest that embitterment reactions are linked to social conditions, like economic but even more so psychological factors. The results suggest that embitterment is not only of importance in individuals but can also have a societal meaning. This must be acknowledged in political discussions.

First estimates of inequality benchmark incomes for a range of countries

It is known that virtually all inequality measures imply the existence of a ‘benchmark income’, above which adding incremental income increases inequality, and below which it decreases inequality. Benchmark incomes can be interpreted as social reference levels that identify the richest individual for whom it would be just to subsidize their income. Despite the intuitive appeal of benchmark incomes, there have been hardly any empirical applications to date. This paper provides the first estimates of benchmark incomes for a range of contrasting countries and different inequality measures. All benchmark incomes lie far above official national poverty lines. The results suggest that economic growth together with falling inequality need not necessarily be poverty reducing.

Los adultos mayores, el cuidado de los nietos y su calidad de vida

Grandparents are today a fundamental part of the functioning of the country. They were before, they probably always were as a family and social reference, but the years have reinforced their role and notably expanded their responsibilities (Liñán 2013). This research aims to describe the activities of caring for grandchildren and the quality of life of grandmothers. The research is descriptive, transversal, Sample; It was made up of 13 women aged 60 or over who care for at least one grandchild and who are part of the support group of the Sunflower Health Center, in Saltillo Coahuila. 4 instruments were used, 1st a sociodemographic data card where the following information was included: age, place of birth, marital status, schooling, illnesses suffered, number of children, number of grandchildren, ages of the grandchildren they care for and who you currently live with. The 2nd describes the care of grandchildren, the 3rd measures the quality of life and the 4th measures the perception of the health of the elderly. Results: 85.7% of older women do not currently have a job, only 7.1% of our sample currently have a job. All grannies take care of at least one grandchild.