scholarly journals A Sketch of the Controversy de auxiliis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-446
Author(s):  
R. J. Matava
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Moral Evil ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
The Church

In the 16th century, the Dominicans and the Jesuits engaged in a polarized theological debate about how God can move the human will in a way that neither compromises human free choice nor makes God the author of moral evil. This debate, called the “controversy de auxiliis,” was never resolved. In 1607, Pope Paul v decreed that neither side was heretical and forbade further publishing on the issue without his explicit permission. This article explains the main theological points of the various Dominican and Jesuit actors, the human factors that contributed to the debate, and the reasons why this is still an important issue today. It concludes that both positions were based on important theological insights that would need to be taken into account if any resolution were to be found, that a resolution of this debate would benefit the Church in a number of ways, and that Jesuit and Dominican tribalism and polemics have contributed to keeping this issue unresolved.

scholarly journals Theosis in die Oosters-Ortodokse en Westers-Protestantse teologiese debat

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barend J. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Orthodox ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Church Father ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Good Relation ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historic Background

Theosis in the Eastern-Orthodox and Western-Protestant theological debate: All major religions agree on one theme, namely they strive to provide an answer regarding the relation with their God. A good relation to God is the way of salvation, because the question about God is an acknowledgement that a human being needs to be in union with God. Some questions and answers are only possible in the relation between God and humankind. The well-known saying from the letter to the Romans (1:17), is typical of such a relation formulated in the Western Protestant debate in forensic style. From the Eastern orthodox theological debate, theosis is used in accordance to what the church father Irenaeus meant: ‘God became human that we might become divine’. This article gives a definition of theosis, sketch the historic background of the concept, discuss salvation in the Western theological tradition, and pays attention to a theosis scriptural basis. Furthermore, attention is also given to Martin Luther and theosis as an indication that his view of salvation was much closer to theosis as was readily accepted in the Western theological debate since the Reformation of the 16th century.

scholarly journals 'n Heilige, algemene kerk

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Dreyer
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Nicene Creed ◽  
The Church

A holy, universal church. The Nicene Creed and the  Apostolicum went through different processes of growth and development. In the early development of both creeds, it is noticeable that articles about ‘the church’ are absent. In this contribution the creeds are examined in terms of their development, the inclusion of the articles on the church, their reception during the 16th century Reformation as well as difficulties in the official Afrikaans translations. It concludes with a short exposition of the Apostolicum’s article on the church (sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam).

scholarly journals From the Inquisition Pyre to Insertion into the Church: The Familial and Social Trajectory of Hernando Ortiz, a Jewish Convert in the Spanish Empire in the 16th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Clara Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Active Member ◽  
Jewish Ancestry ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Come ◽  
The University ◽  
The Church

This is a study of the trajectory of a Jewish converso who had a brilliant career at the University of Mexico in the 16th century: he received degrees from the faculties of arts, theology and law and was a professor for more than 28 years. He gained prestige and earned the respect of his fellow citizens, participated in monarchical politics and was an active member of his society, becoming the elected bishop of Guatemala. However, when he tried to become a judge of the Inquisition, a thorough investigation revealed his Jewish ancestry back in the Iberian Peninsula, causing his career to come to a halt. Further inquiry revealed that his grandmother had been burned by the Inquisition and accused of being a Judaizer around 1481; his nephews and nieces managed, in 1625, to obtain a letter from the Inquisition vouching for the “cleanliness of blood” of the family. Furthermore, the nephews founded an entailed estate in Oaxaca and forbade the heir of the entail to marry into the Jewish community. The university was a factor that facilitated their integration, but the Inquisition reminded them of its limits. The nephews denied their ancestors and became part of the society of New Spain. We have here a well-documented case that represents the possible existence of many others.

scholarly journals The School Culture Heritage of the Reformation

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
László Trencsényi
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
College Culture ◽  
Educational Innovations ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Culture Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contemporary Education ◽  
The Church

Abstract On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, this essay analyses those educational innovations in the history of central European education that were introduced by the Church reform in the 16th century, following these modernizations and their further developments through the spreading of the universal school systems in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Drawing examples from the innovations in the college culture of the period, the author emphasises that those pedagogical values established in the 16th century are not only valid today, but are exemplary from the point of view of contemporary education. From these the author highlights: pupils’ autonomy (in the form of various communities), cooperation with the teachers and school management and the relative pluralism of values.

7. Modern Mary—Reformation to the present

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-146
Author(s):  
Mary Joan Winn Leith
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
Religious Ideals ◽  
The Church

‘Modern Mary—Reformation to the present’ looks at the Virgin Mary from the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century to the present. During this period Mary was often at the centre of conflicts over religious ideals that contributed to the Enlightenment. The Catholic Council of Trent reaffirmed Mary’s perpetual virginity, intercession, pilgrimage, and relics. Catholic Marian beliefs were shaped by some of the misgivings that Protestants had voiced about Catholic views of Mary. The rosary and apparitions of Mary illustrate Catholic views of Mary after the Council of Trent. The so-called ‘Marian Century’ began in 1854 with Pope Pius IX’s declaration of Mary’s Immaculate Conception effectively ended in 1965 with the church reforms of Vatican II. Marian spirituality in the 21st century have taken often surprising directions.

4. Church and biblical Christianity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Woodhead
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Eastern Orthodox ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Equivalent Position ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Church

What is meant by ‘Church Christianity’ and ‘Biblical Christianity’ and where do they come from? ‘Church and Biblical Christianity’ explains that ‘Church Christianity’ is centred around the institution of the church, whereas for ‘Biblical Christianity’ the scriptures have the equivalent position of authority. Both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches belong to Church Christianity and are the most enduring and extensive types of Christianity having been in existence since the 3rd century. Biblical Christianity can trace its roots to the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century when the Bible became widely accessible. Its sectarian nature and desire to shelter from wider society in order to retain Godly purity limited its growth.

Anglo-Catholics and the Ordination of Women: Some Unanswered Questions

Ecclesiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-33
Author(s):  
Tobias A. Karlowicz
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Structural Evaluation ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Women's Ordination ◽  
Ordination Of Women ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
The Church

Within the subset of Anglicanism known as Anglo-Catholicism, the theological debate over women’s ordination to the priesthood has focused on two categories of argument: the tradition of the church, and the symbolism of the priesthood. These, however, are subject to conflicting interpretations. Some seek to continue the received practice of an all-male priesthood, and explain it by reference to symbolic arguments, often Christological in nature. Others, however, argue for a development of egalitarian precedents in the New Testament to address the perceived exclusion of women from the church. This article analyses the debate between these positions both through close criticism of the main arguments, and through a broader structural evaluation of the debate as a whole. This analysis indicates unanswered questions of Christology, anthropology, and development, which are essential to the progress of the debate and the integrity of both positions.

scholarly journals Church and government in Reformed perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A. Dreyer
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Reformed Churches ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

The new political dispensation since 1994 requires the Reformed churches in South Africa to redefine their role in society and their relationship with the government. This short journey through history helps us to understand the complexity of the relationship between the Church and the government. This article focuses on the concepts formulated by the Reformers in the 16th century, presenting the view that the revolutionary and radical way in which the Reformed concepts changed society and the government is still relevant to South Africa and opens up meaningful dialogue.

scholarly journals 'n Nuwe ekumeniese geloofsbelydenis?

1987 ◽  
Vol 43 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
B. J. Engelbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Church Leaders ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Church Unity ◽  
Reformed Church In America ◽  
The World ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Church

A new ecumenical confession of faithRecently theologians, church leaders and even churches from all over the world expressed the desirability of a new confession of faith, preferably an ecumenical confession. The Reformed Church in America proposed a new confession with their Song of Hope. They still maintain large parts of their 16th century reformed confessions but the following motives played a role in their desire for a new confession:• The necessity to correct the existing, 'old' confessions in the light of modem scientific Bible-research, e g on the doctrine of predestination.• The need for additional confession-pronouncements on modern-day issues and experiences, unknown to the church in the 16th century.• The desirability of a new form (language) to communicate with modem man.• The sensitivity of the churches of today towards church-unity and the trends living in the oikouménè, e g their social awareness.We then proceed to treat the motives why a reformed Church überhaupt needs and forms a confession. In the light of these motives the question arises whether our Church really needs a new confession today; is the exposition of the existing confessions in theology, catechesis, preaching and modem church-hymns not enough to translate and communicate the existing confessions to modem man and to address modern-day issues?

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