Xylem Structure of Successive rings in the stem of Abuta Grandifolia (Menispermaceae) a Statistical Approach

Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith varies in habit and can be a shrub, tree or liana. Its stem shows successive cambia that produce secondary phloem and xylem. This study analyses qualitative and quantitative differences between the secondary xylem of lianas and shrubs of A. grandifolia, as well as between the successive rings within each habit category. The lianas had wider vessels, shorter vessel elements and thinner fibre-tracheid walls. In the first five successive rings, lianas showed an increase in vessel diameter and fibre-tracheid length, while fibre-tracheid wall thickness decreased. The shrubs showed an increase in the diameter and length of vessel elements and length of fiber-tracheids. In qualitative features the secondary xylem of lianas and shrubs did not differ, except in their type of parenchyma (axial parenchyma diffuse in the liana habit and diffuse to diffuse in-aggregates in the shrub habit). Since significant quantitative differences were found between the successive rings, the first vascular ring is recommended for comparing both habits. Whether this is generally valid in Menispermaceae requires further study.

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Development of Intra- and Interxylary Secondary Phloem in Coccinia indica (Cucurbitaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000072 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 475-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Vidya S. Patil ◽

Carmen R. Marcati ◽

Kishore S. Rajput

Keyword(s):

Vascular Bundle ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Secondary Growth ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Secondary Phloem ◽

Stem Anatomy ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Coccinia Indica

Stem anatomy and the development of intraxylary phloem were investigated in six to eight years old Coccinia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae). Secondary growth in the stems was achieved by the normal cambial activity. In the innermost part of the thicker stems, xylem parenchyma and pith cells dedifferentiated into meristematic cells at several points. In some of the wider rays, ray cells dedifferentiate and produce secondary xylem and phloem with different orientations and sometimes a complete bicollateral vascular bundle. The inner cambial segments of the bicollateral vascular bundle (of primary growth) maintained radial arrangement even in the mature stems but in most places the cambia were either inactive or showed very few cell divisions. Concomitant with the obliteration and collapse of inner phloem (of bicollateral vascular bundles), parenchyma cells encircling the phloem became meristematic forming a circular sheath of internal cambia. These internal cambia produce only intraxylary secondary phloem centripetally and do not produce any secondary xylem. In the stem, secondary xylem consisted mainly of axial parenchyma, small strands of thick-walled xylem derivatives, i.e. vessel elements and fibres embedded in parenchymatous ground mass, wide and tall rays along with exceptionally wide vessels characteristic of lianas. In thick stems, the axial parenchyma de-differentiated into meristem, which later re-differentiated into interxylary phloem. Fibre dimorphism and pseudo-vestured pits in the vessels are also reported.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF THE VANGUERIEAE (IXOROIDEAERUBIACEAE), WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SOME GEOFRUTICES

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000260 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 443-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Frederic Lens ◽

Steven Jansen ◽

Elmar Robbrecht ◽

Erik Smets

Keyword(s):

Pacific Ocean ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Underground Structures ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Tropical Asia ◽

Primary Xylem ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean

The Vanguerieae is a tribe consisting of about 500 species ordered in 27 genera. Although this tribe is mainly represented in Africa and Madagascar, Vanguerieae also occur in tropical Asia, Australia, and the isles of the Pacific Ocean. This study gives a detailed wood anatomical description of 34 species of 15 genera based on LM and SEM observations. The secondary xylem is homogeneous throughout the tribe and fits well into the Ixoroideae s.l. on the basis of fibre-tracheids and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma. The Vanguerieae include numerous geofrutices that are characterised by massive woody branched or unbranched underground parts and slightly ramified unbranched aboveground twigs. The underground structures of geofrutices are not homologous; a central pith is found in three species (Fadogia schmitzii, Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri and Tapiphyllum cinerascens var. laetum), while Fadogiella stigmatoloba shows central primary xylem which is characteristic of roots. Comparison of underground versus aboveground wood shows anatomical differences in vessel diameter and in the quantity of parenchyma and fibres.

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Stem and leaf structure of Searsia erosa (Thunb.) Moffett (Anacardiaceae) with systematic, ecological and ethnobotanical implications

Botanica Pacifica ◽

10.17581/bp.2020.09214 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nhlamulo N. Mashimbye ◽

◽

Annah N. Moteetee ◽

Alexei A. Oskolski ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Secondary Phloem ◽

Adaxial Side ◽

African Species ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Labor Division ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Secretory Canals ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

The anatomy of stems and leaves of the southern African evergreen shrub Searsia erosa (Anacardiaceae) was studied. This species shows the suite of typical traits of Anacardiaceae, such as the presence of secretory canals in the cortex, secondary phloem, wood rays and vascular bundle of leaf midrib, pericyclic fibres in nearly continuous bands, compound sieve plates on oblique walls, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pitting, and septate libriform fibres. Like other Searsia species, S. erosa has abundant sclereids in non-conducting secondary phloem, multicellular peltate glandular trichomes on leaf epidermis, short vessel elements and minute intervessel pits; two latter characters are thought to be diagnostic for this genus. Unlike Asian species of Searsia, S. erosa lacks marginal axial parenchyma as well as prismatic crystals in axial parenchyma and in libriform fibres, but it shows the helical thickenings on vessel walls. The presence of the last trait in a southern African species agrees with association of helical thickenings with the regions that experience water stress. The tangential expansion of secondary phloem in S. erosa and probably in other Searsia species is mainly performed by considerable increase in volume of its cells by their sclerification. Such a way of bark growth in girth is out of scope of bark anatomists. Searsia erosa is distinctive from other congeneric species in its hypostomatous leaves with abundant glandular trichomes on adaxial side. This condition demonstrates a labor division between the adaxial side with glandular trichomes that may contribute to leaf protection, and the stomata-bearing abaxial side providing the gas exchange. Unlike most members of Anacardiaceae, the secretory canals of S. erosa produce the oleoresin containing terpenoids (essential oils) and lipids, but lack polysaccharides. The abundance of glandular trichomes and secretory canals producing terpenoids is a presumable reason of the use of S. erosa in traditional medicine by the Basotho people.

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Anatomía de la madera de las especies mexicanas de Salvia sección Erythrostachys Epl. (Lamiaceae)

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.1704 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Jacqueline Ceja-Romero ◽

Carmen de la Paz Pérez-Olvera ◽

Jesús Rivera-Tapia

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Starch Grains ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Two Samples ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

The wood anatomy of Salvia pubescens, S. regla, and S. sessei is described. These species are included within the section Erythrostachys, subgenus Calosphace, genus Salvia. Two samples were collected for each species to obtain permanent slides. Transverse, radial and tangential sections were used to describe the anatomy of each taxon. The wood has ring porosity, the tangential vessel diameter is small (34-85 μm), the vessel elements are short (94-257 μm) with alternate pitting, helical thickenings and simple perforation plates. Vasicentric tracheids are present. Axial parenchyma is paratracheal scanty, apotracheal diffuse, and marginal. Rays are uniseriate and multiseriate, heterogeneous, aggregate and non aggregate. Libriform fibers are septate and non septate. Gums, tyloses, starch grains and prismatic crystals were observed. These features agree with previous reports for the genus.

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Stem Development, Medullary Bundles, and Wood Anatomy of Croton Glandulosus Var. Septentrionalis (Euphorbiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001342 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 51-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sheila M. Hayden ◽

W. John Hayden

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Sieve Tube ◽

Secondary Phloem ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Inverted Orientation ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Stem Development ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Internal Phloem

Anatomy and development of vascular tissues in the annual stems of Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis are described. In primary stages of growth the stem possesses a eustele of bicollateral bundles; internal phloem is notably more extensive than the external. In addition to a vascular cambium and secondary xylem that form in the usual fashion, additional cambia add cells to the internal phloem portion of the bicollateral bundles, forming well-marked medullary bundles at the perimeter of the pith. At first, the perimedullary cambial strands produce only internal secondary phloem; later, internal secondary xylem is also formed in some stems. When internal secondary xylem is present, the medullary bundles have an inverted orientation, i.e., phloem innermost (towards centre of pith) and xylem outermost (near protoxylem). Cells of the medullary bundles include sieve tube elements, vessel ekments, and fibres. Normal (external) secondary phloem is weakly developed. Normal secondary xylem contains short vessel elements with simple perforation plates and alternate intervascular pits, libriform fibres, narrow heterocellular rays, and lacks axial parenchyma.

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Wood Anatomy of Argophyllaceae (Asterales): Adaptation in a Small Clade

Aliso ◽

10.5642/aliso.20213801.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 62-75

Author(s):

Sherwin Carlquist ◽

Mark Olson

Keyword(s):

Vessel Diameter ◽

Single Family ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Ecological Adaptations ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings ◽

Mild Drought

Argophyllaceae (Argophyllum, 14 spp.; Corokia, 6 spp.; Lautea, 1 sp.), are shrubs that occur in the southwestern Pacific and eastern Australia. They occur in habitats where moisture is relatively common but dry days and mild frost may occur. The woods of these genera show enough distinctive features to justify their grouping in a single family: perforation plates with 10–20 bars, vessel elements narrow and numerous per mm2, imperforate tracheary elements about 50% longer than the vessel elements, axial parenchyma scarce, diffuse, multiseriate rays narrow and heterocellular (upright cells common in uniseriate rays), crystals absent, gum deposits common. These features group the genera of Argophyllaceae more closely with each other than with the nearest families in Asterales (Alseuosmiaceae, Phellinaceae). Probable apomorphies of the genera include helical thickenings in vessels and tracheids, together with abundant tracheids and rare septate fiber-tracheids (Corokia); almost total absence of axial parenchyma and tracheids combined with maximal abundance of septate fiber-tracheids and no helical thickenings (Argophyllum, Lautea). Lautea, formerly included within Corokia, has floral and foliar distinctions and is endemic to a single island, Rapa Iti. Woods of Argophyllaceae are alike in their ecological adaptations (perforation plates, vessel diameter and density) but the presence of tracheids and helical thickenings in Corokia suggest adaptations to frost and mild drought. As expected, vessels group more prominently in the tracheid-free species (Argophyllum, Lautea) but very little in the tracheid-rich genus Corokia.

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Pentaphragma: A Unique Wood and its Significance

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001453 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 3-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sherwin Carlquist

Keyword(s):

Secondary Xylem ◽

Lateral Wall ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Primary Xylem ◽

Pit Membrane ◽

Bordered Pits ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Secondary Woodiness ◽

Basal Position

Qualitative and quantitative data are given for wood anatomy of three species of Pentaphragma (Pentaphragmataceae); the woods of the three species are very similar. Pentaphragma is rayless, but eventually develops rays in at least one of the species studied. This is interpreted as related to secondary woodiness or upright habit within a predominantly herbaceous phylad. The vessel elements of Pentaphragma have features universally interpreted as primitive in dicotyledons: scalariform perforation plates with numerous bars; pit membrane remnants in perforations; scalariform lateral wall pitting; the genus also has fiber-tracheids with prominently bordered pits. These character states accord with the basal position in Campanulales accorded Pentaphragmataceae by Cosner et al. (1992), and suggests that order may have begun with more numerous primitive features than generally recognized. The presence of occasional scalariform perforation plates, often aberrant, in secondary xylem of families of Asterales sensu lato - Campanulaceae, Pentaphragmataceae, Valerianaceae, and even Asteraceae (e.g., certain Lactuceae) - can be attributed to paedomorphosis, extending these plates into secondary xylem from primary xylem. Raylessness in Pentaphragma can be described in terms of secondary woodiness or paedomorphosis. The fact that fiber-tracheids are shorter than vessel elements in Pentaphragma is believed related to raylessness also, because some fiber-tracheids are produced from 'potential' ray areas.

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Comparative wood anatomy of root and stem of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/2175-7860201465301 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 567-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Carmen Regina Marcati ◽

Leandro Roberto Longo ◽

Alex Wiedenhoeft ◽

Claudia Franca Barros

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Growth Increments ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Semideciduous Seasonal Forest ◽

Student’S T ◽

Helical Thickenings

Root and stem wood anatomy of C. myrianthum (Verbenaceae) from a semideciduous seasonal forest in Botucatu municipality (22º52’20”S and 48º26’37”W), São Paulo state, Brazil, were studied. Growth increments demarcated by semi-ring porosity and marginal bands of axial parenchyma were observed in the wood of both root and stem. Many qualitative features were the same in both root and stem: fine helical thickenings, and simple and multiple perforation plates in vessel elements; large quantities of axial parenchyma in the growth rings, grading from marginal bands and confluent forming irregular bands in earlywood to lozenge aliform in latewood; axial parenchyma cells forked, and varied wall projections and undulations; septate fibres; forked and diverse fibre endings. Quantitative features differing between root and stem wood were evaluated using student’s t-test, and vessel frequency, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray height, and vulnerability and mesomorphy indices differed significantly. Root wood had lower frequency of vessels, narrower and longer vessel elements, and taller rays than wood of the stem. The calculated vulnerability and mesomorphy indices indicated that C. myrianthum plants are mesomorphic. Roots seem to be more susceptible to water stress than the stem.

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Wood and Bark Anatomy of Lauraceae. ii. Licaria Aublet

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000938 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 187-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Hans Georg Richter

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Tool ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Secondary Phloem ◽

Structural Profile ◽

Quantitative Characters ◽

Important Diagnostic Tool ◽

Species Groups ◽

Bark Anatomy

Qualitative features of the secondary xylem of Licaria present a rather uniform structural profile. Constant differences in primarily quantitative characters lead to the formation of speeies groups wh ich loosely correspond to infrageneric sections based on floral and vegetative morphology. This subdivision is strongly corroborated by the highly variable secondary phloem structurc revealing considerable diversity in type and distribution of sc1erenchymatic tissues. Inorganic inclusions in the secondary xylem, crystals and silica, constitute an important diagnostic tool for differentiating certain species and species groups, but are hardly of importance in the bark.

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Comparative wood anatomy of Eucryphia wilkiei and E. jinksii (Cunoniaceae): two narrow endemics from Queensland, Australia

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt04046 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 739

Author(s):

Imogen Poole ◽

Richard W. Barnes

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

South American ◽

South American Species ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Australian Species ◽

Anatomical Data ◽

Narrow Endemics ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Comparative Wood Anatomy

Qualitative and quantitative wood anatomical data are given for two narrow Queensland endemic Eucryphia species, E. wilkiei B.Hyland and Eucryphia jinksii P.I.Forst. Comparisons of wood anatomy of all extant Eucryphia taxa show that E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are distinct from each other, and other Eucryphia species. However, for both species characters relating to perforation plates, helical thickening (E. wilkiei only) and fibres are shared with the South American species, whereas the presence of crystals in the axial parenchyma is shared only with the Australian species. These data suggest that, based on wood anatomy, E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are basal among Australian species.

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