Wood Anatomy of Argophyllaceae (Asterales): Adaptation in a Small Clade

Argophyllaceae (Argophyllum, 14 spp.; Corokia, 6 spp.; Lautea, 1 sp.), are shrubs that occur in the southwestern Pacific and eastern Australia. They occur in habitats where moisture is relatively common but dry days and mild frost may occur. The woods of these genera show enough distinctive features to justify their grouping in a single family: perforation plates with 10–20 bars, vessel elements narrow and numerous per mm2, imperforate tracheary elements about 50% longer than the vessel elements, axial parenchyma scarce, diffuse, multiseriate rays narrow and heterocellular (upright cells common in uniseriate rays), crystals absent, gum deposits common. These features group the genera of Argophyllaceae more closely with each other than with the nearest families in Asterales (Alseuosmiaceae, Phellinaceae). Probable apomorphies of the genera include helical thickenings in vessels and tracheids, together with abundant tracheids and rare septate fiber-tracheids (Corokia); almost total absence of axial parenchyma and tracheids combined with maximal abundance of septate fiber-tracheids and no helical thickenings (Argophyllum, Lautea). Lautea, formerly included within Corokia, has floral and foliar distinctions and is endemic to a single island, Rapa Iti. Woods of Argophyllaceae are alike in their ecological adaptations (perforation plates, vessel diameter and density) but the presence of tracheids and helical thickenings in Corokia suggest adaptations to frost and mild drought. As expected, vessels group more prominently in the tracheid-free species (Argophyllum, Lautea) but very little in the tracheid-rich genus Corokia.

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Anatomía de la madera de las especies mexicanas de Salvia sección Erythrostachys Epl. (Lamiaceae)

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.1704 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Jacqueline Ceja-Romero ◽

Carmen de la Paz Pérez-Olvera ◽

Jesús Rivera-Tapia

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Starch Grains ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Two Samples ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

The wood anatomy of Salvia pubescens, S. regla, and S. sessei is described. These species are included within the section Erythrostachys, subgenus Calosphace, genus Salvia. Two samples were collected for each species to obtain permanent slides. Transverse, radial and tangential sections were used to describe the anatomy of each taxon. The wood has ring porosity, the tangential vessel diameter is small (34-85 μm), the vessel elements are short (94-257 μm) with alternate pitting, helical thickenings and simple perforation plates. Vasicentric tracheids are present. Axial parenchyma is paratracheal scanty, apotracheal diffuse, and marginal. Rays are uniseriate and multiseriate, heterogeneous, aggregate and non aggregate. Libriform fibers are septate and non septate. Gums, tyloses, starch grains and prismatic crystals were observed. These features agree with previous reports for the genus.

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Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11111147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1147

Author(s):

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Luis G. Esteban ◽

Peter Gasson ◽

Francisco García-Fernández ◽

Antonio de Marco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Warning ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

International Treaties ◽

Protected Species ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Timber Trade ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomy is a key discipline as a tool for monitoring the global timber trade, particularly for wood listed in protected species conventions such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). One of the main barriers to reducing illegal trafficking of protected species is ensuring that customs officials with appropriate training in wood anatomy are equipped with simple tools, at both the origin and destination of shipments, so they can raise an early warning about wood suspected of contravening international treaties and immediately send samples to a specialised laboratory. This work explains how lenses attached to a smartphone, capable of achieving up to 400× magnification using the phone digital zoom, can be used to distinguish features that are not visible with traditional 10× or 12× lenses, enhancing the capacity to view features not typically observable in the field. In softwoods, for example, this method permits determination of the type of axial parenchyma arrangement, whether there are helical thickenings in axial tracheids and whether axial tracheids have organic deposits or contain alternate polygonal pits, and in the rays, if the tracheids are smooth-walled or dentate and if the cross-field pits are window-like. In hardwoods, it allows verification of the presence of tyloses and deposits in vessels, the type of perforation plates and whether the intervascular pitting is scalariform; in the rays it is possible to differentiate the types of ray cells; and in the axial parenchyma, to determine the presence of oil cells. In addition, unlike macroscopic analysis with a conventional magnifying lens, this type of lens can be used with the appropriate mobile application for the biometry of important elements such as ray height and vessel diameter.

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Extinct Juglandaceous Wood from the Eocene of Oregon and Its Implications for Xylem Evolution in the Juglandaceae

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000581 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 103-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Steven R. Manchester ◽

E.A. Wheeler

Keyword(s):

Middle Eocene ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

New Taxon ◽

Common Occurrence ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Extant Genus ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

The Common ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

Clarnoxylon blanchardii gen. et sp. nov. is a new taxon for fossil wood with a suite of features diagnostic of the Juglandaceae. It occurs at two Middle Eocene (c. 43-44 million years b.p.) localities in the Clarno Fonnation of central Oregon, USA. Clarnoxylon resembles the Platycaryeae and the Hicorieae in having exclusively simple perforation plates and solid pith. However, the common occurrence of crystalliferous idioblasts in the rays, but not in the axial parenchyma, and the cooccurrence at Clarno of platycaryoid fmits and pollen unaccompanied by hicorioid fmits indicate that Clarnoxylon has affinities with the Platycaryeae. Differences between Clarnoxylon and Platycarya support previous suggestions that short vessel elements, helical thickenings, and vascular tracheids are derived characters of Platycarya. These differences are also in accord with the ecological adaptation of the extant genus Platycarya to a temperate climate contrasting with the tropical Middle Ebcene setting of Clarnoxylon.

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Stem and leaf structure of Searsia erosa (Thunb.) Moffett (Anacardiaceae) with systematic, ecological and ethnobotanical implications

Botanica Pacifica ◽

10.17581/bp.2020.09214 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nhlamulo N. Mashimbye ◽

◽

Annah N. Moteetee ◽

Alexei A. Oskolski ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Secondary Phloem ◽

Adaxial Side ◽

African Species ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Labor Division ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Secretory Canals ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

The anatomy of stems and leaves of the southern African evergreen shrub Searsia erosa (Anacardiaceae) was studied. This species shows the suite of typical traits of Anacardiaceae, such as the presence of secretory canals in the cortex, secondary phloem, wood rays and vascular bundle of leaf midrib, pericyclic fibres in nearly continuous bands, compound sieve plates on oblique walls, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pitting, and septate libriform fibres. Like other Searsia species, S. erosa has abundant sclereids in non-conducting secondary phloem, multicellular peltate glandular trichomes on leaf epidermis, short vessel elements and minute intervessel pits; two latter characters are thought to be diagnostic for this genus. Unlike Asian species of Searsia, S. erosa lacks marginal axial parenchyma as well as prismatic crystals in axial parenchyma and in libriform fibres, but it shows the helical thickenings on vessel walls. The presence of the last trait in a southern African species agrees with association of helical thickenings with the regions that experience water stress. The tangential expansion of secondary phloem in S. erosa and probably in other Searsia species is mainly performed by considerable increase in volume of its cells by their sclerification. Such a way of bark growth in girth is out of scope of bark anatomists. Searsia erosa is distinctive from other congeneric species in its hypostomatous leaves with abundant glandular trichomes on adaxial side. This condition demonstrates a labor division between the adaxial side with glandular trichomes that may contribute to leaf protection, and the stomata-bearing abaxial side providing the gas exchange. Unlike most members of Anacardiaceae, the secretory canals of S. erosa produce the oleoresin containing terpenoids (essential oils) and lipids, but lack polysaccharides. The abundance of glandular trichomes and secretory canals producing terpenoids is a presumable reason of the use of S. erosa in traditional medicine by the Basotho people.

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Comparative wood anatomy of root and stem of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/2175-7860201465301 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 567-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Carmen Regina Marcati ◽

Leandro Roberto Longo ◽

Alex Wiedenhoeft ◽

Claudia Franca Barros

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Growth Increments ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Semideciduous Seasonal Forest ◽

Student’S T ◽

Helical Thickenings

Root and stem wood anatomy of C. myrianthum (Verbenaceae) from a semideciduous seasonal forest in Botucatu municipality (22º52’20”S and 48º26’37”W), São Paulo state, Brazil, were studied. Growth increments demarcated by semi-ring porosity and marginal bands of axial parenchyma were observed in the wood of both root and stem. Many qualitative features were the same in both root and stem: fine helical thickenings, and simple and multiple perforation plates in vessel elements; large quantities of axial parenchyma in the growth rings, grading from marginal bands and confluent forming irregular bands in earlywood to lozenge aliform in latewood; axial parenchyma cells forked, and varied wall projections and undulations; septate fibres; forked and diverse fibre endings. Quantitative features differing between root and stem wood were evaluated using student’s t-test, and vessel frequency, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray height, and vulnerability and mesomorphy indices differed significantly. Root wood had lower frequency of vessels, narrower and longer vessel elements, and taller rays than wood of the stem. The calculated vulnerability and mesomorphy indices indicated that C. myrianthum plants are mesomorphic. Roots seem to be more susceptible to water stress than the stem.

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Wood Anatomy of the Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000032 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 399-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Elisabeth A. Wheeler ◽

Sung Jae Lee ◽

Pieter Baas

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

New Combination ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Perforation Plate ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomical data for all three extant genera of the Altingiaceae and 23 of the 27 extant genera of the Hamamelidaceae were compiled in an effort to find features distinctive to genera, tribes, or subfamilies within these families. All genera studied have diffuse porous wood (except Corylopsis which tends to be semi-ring porous), vessels are predominantly solitary and narrow (<100 μm, usually <50 μm) and angular in outline, vessel elements are long (>800 μm) with scalariform perforation plates with average bar numbers of 9–44, intervessel pits are mainly scalariform to opposite, vessel-ray parenchyma pits are scalariform with slightly reduced borders and usually are in the square to upright marginal ray parenchyma cells, rays are heterocellular and narrow, usually 1–3-seriate. Although the wood anatomy of both families is relatively homogeneous, it is possible to key out many genera using a combination of qualitative (presence/absence and location of helical thickenings in vessel elements and fibers, crystal occurrence, axial parenchyma abundance, degree of ray heterogeneity) and quantitative features (number of bars per perforation plate and ray width). Helical thickenings are present throughout the vessel elements in three genera (Loropetalum, Altingia, Semiliquidambar) and are restricted to the vessel element tails in two genera (Corylopsis, Liquidambar). Loropetalum has helical thickenings in ground tissue fibers as well. Axial parenchyma abundance varies from scarce to relatively abundant diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates. One clade of the tribe Fothergilleae (Distylium, Distyliopsis, Sycopsis, Shaniodendron, Parrotia, Parrotiopsis) has more abundant axial parenchyma and is characterized by narrow, usually interrupted bands of apotracheal parenchyma. Nearly exclusively uniseriate rays occur in some species of Hamamelis and in Exbucklandia, Chunia, Dicoryphe, and Fothergilla. These data on extant Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae not only provide information relevant for systematic, phylogenetic and ecological wood anatomy and wood identification, but also give context for reviewing the fossil woods assigned to them. A new combination is proposed for the Miocene Liquidambar hisauchii (Watari) Suzuki & Watari from Japan: Altingia hisauchii (Watari) Wheeler, Baas & Lee.

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The Occurrence of Scalariform Perforation Plates and Helical Vessel Wall Thickenings in Wood of Myrtaceae

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000889 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 197-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Rudolf Schmid ◽

Pieter Baas

Keyword(s):

Vessel Wall ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Adaptive Significance ◽

Species Level ◽

Tropical Species ◽

Habitat Types ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

The occurrence of multiple perforation plates and helical wall thickenings in vessel elements of 144 species (plus 12 varieties and 2 hybrids) in 53 genera of Myrtaceae was extensively explored. Scalariform perforation plates occur in 40 species (plus 1 hybrid), in Luma, Myrceugenia, Myrteola, Ugni, and in the monotypic Myrtastrum rujo-punctatum, Neomyrtus pedunculata, and Tepualia stipularis. Ugni candollei also has foraminate (i.e., sieve-like) perforation plates. Helical wall thickenings occur in 33 species (plus 1 hybrid), in Acmena, Austromyrtus, Myrceugenia, Myrcia, Myrcianthes Psidium, Xanthomyrtus, and in Myrtus communis. Most of these records are new. The speeies with exclusively scalariform perforation plates (in Luma, Myrteola, Neomyrtus, and Ugni) are from cool mesic habitats; those with mixed simple and multiple perforation plates are also largely cool mesic but show a somewhat greater diversity of habitats. Myrtaceae with exclusively simple perforation plates predominate in all habitat types. Helical wall thickenings occur sporadically throughout the distributional range ofthe family. However, tropical species tend to have weaker helical thickenings than the subtropical and temperate species exhibiting them. The possible functional significance of these ecological tendeneies is discussed. It is hypothesised that multiple perforation plates were retained in some cool mesic Myrtaceae because of a lack of strong selective pressure to eliminate them from this type of environment, rather than that they were retained because of adaptive significance in trapping embolisms. The systematic and diagnostic value of multiple perforation plates and helical wall thickenings is also discussed. Scalariform plates are largely confined to related genera in Myrtoideae; Tepualia is the only representative from Leptospermoideae. Helical wall thickenings are only of limited diagnostic and systematic value above the species level.

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First anatomically characterized wood from the Tertiary of Moravia: Spiroplatanoxylon from the area of Austerlitz (Southern Moravia, Czech Republic)

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201159060367 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 367-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ingrid Továrková ◽

Vladimír Gryc ◽

Jakub Sakala

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Growth Ring ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Alluvial Sediments ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Southern Moravia ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings ◽

Very High ◽

Diffuse Porous

A new silicified angiosperm wood from the alluvial sediments in Vážany nad Litavou (SW of Slavkov/Austerlitz near Brno, Vyškov district) is described. The wood is diffuse-porous with indistinct growth ring boundaries. Vessels are exclusively solitary with helical thickenings and scalariform perforation plates. Rays are very high and up to 18 cells wide, homocellular to slightly heterocellular. Crystals are present in axial parenchyma mostly in chambered cells, rarely in idioblasts. The fossil is attributed to Spiroplatanoxylon mueller-stollii Süss. Other species of Spiroplatanoxylon are also discussed. Wood anatomical descriptions from the eastern part of the Czech Republic published so far deal either with the Silesian Tertiary or describe only partially lignified probably Quaternary material; therefore the present paper can be considered as the first detailed anatomical description of the Tertiary wood from Moravia.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF SEVEN SPECIES KNOWN AS "PAU-PARA-TUDO" IN BRAZIL

CERNE ◽

10.1590/01047760201622032119 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 261-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claúdia Luizon Dias Leme

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Plant Species ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Drimys Brasiliensis ◽

Perforation Plates

ABSTRACT Different medicinal plant species can be sold under the same common name. Considering the importance of the correct identification, this study aims to separate, using wood anatomy, seven species popularly known as pau-para-tudo. The results show that Drimys brasiliensis is separated from the others by the presence of tracheids. Capsicodendron dinisii hhas scalariform perforation plates and oil cells associated with the axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric and in marginal bands beyond the rays' width, can separate Osteophoeum platyspermum from Simaba cedron. Handroanthus serratifolius has the unique presence of the axial unilateral paratracheal parenchyma and storied cell elements (parenchyma, fibers and vessel elements). Rauvolfia sellowii and Leptolobium dasycarpum can be separated by the number of square/upright marginal ray cells, greater in Rauvolfia sellowii. Thus, this work shows that wood anatomy is a valuable tool for species separation, helps with the identification and consequently is important for the quality control of plant product.

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Wood anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with systematic and ecological implications

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000087 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 163-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bernard J. De Villiers ◽

Alexei A. Oskolski ◽

Patricia M. Tilney ◽

Ben-Erik Van Wyk

Keyword(s):

Vessel Diameter ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Wood Structure ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Group A ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Wood Evolution

The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperat species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes.

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