Migration of blue stain fungi within wax impregnated wood

The colonization of wax impregnated pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) by blue stain fungi and their hyphal migration within the treated wood was investigated. Neither the hydrophobation effect nor the physical presence of the congealed wax deposits could impede fungal growth on the surface. However, in contrast to the untreated controls, there was a lower occurrence of hyphae in wax-treated wood. Blue stain fungi grew mainly near the cross cut as well as in empty spaces such as micro-capillaries, parenchyma tissue or other wax free zones of treated wood.

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Investigation on wax-impregnated wood. Part 1: Microscopic observations and 2D X-ray imaging of distinct wax types

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2010.091 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gunthard Scholz ◽

Jan Van den Bulcke ◽

Matthieu Boone ◽

Mario Zauer ◽

Ernst Bäucker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Wax Deposition ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Wax Deposits ◽

Wood Part ◽

Epithelium Cells ◽

Impregnated Wood ◽

Parenchyma Tissue

Abstract The migration and deposition of hot melting wax in wax-treated wood is not described in detail in the literature, although such products are available on the market. In the present study, this topic was investigated based on pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). The behavior of three different waxes was studied by means of 2D X-ray measurements and scanning electron microscopy observations. The three waxes did not show distinct differences in their deposition patterns. An intensive wax deposition could be observed within the vessels, tracheids, and fibers. In P. sylvestris the ray tracheids were penetrated with hot melting waxes, therefore there is a lateral wood penetration from the outer to the inner wood. In general, no wax penetration was visible within the parenchyma tissue and epithelium cells. Cracks were detected within the wax deposits as well as secondary microcapillaries, which were visible between the deposits and the cell walls.

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Yeast and Bacteria as Biological Control Agents Against Fungal Discolouration of Pinus sylvestris Blocks in Laboratory-Based Tests and the Role of Antifungal Volatiles

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2000.096 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 563-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

C. Payne ◽

A. Bruce ◽

H. Staines

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Wood Block ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Blue Stain Fungi ◽

Antifungal Volatiles ◽

Blue Stain

Summary This paper reports on the use of yeast as biological control agents against mould and blue-stain fungi in laboratory-based Pinus sylvestris sapwood wood block incubation tests. All 5 yeast isolates tested significantly reduced discolouration of wood surfaces by moulds and most were also effective against staining fungi. The 2 most promising yeast isolates also significantly reduced radial growth of selected mould and stain fungi in vitro solely through the liberation of volatile compounds. Five bacterial isolates were also tested for antagonism toward mould and stain fungi and were effective biological control agents in wood block tests. Again, volatile production alone by the bacteria was shown to be sufficient to significantly reduce fungal growth in vitro. Most of the bacteria and yeasts significantly reduced wood discolouration by fungi when inoculated onto block surfaces 7 days before, or at the same time as the target fungi, and in some cases even when inoculated 7 days after the fungi. The possibility of using yeasts as biological control agents to prevent wood spoilage during kiln drying and short-term storage at sawmills is considered.

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The ecology of fungi infecting untreated sapwood of Pinus radiata

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b68-219 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 1577-1589 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

John A. Butcher

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Airborne Fungi ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Blue Stain Fungi ◽

Blue Stain

The succession of fungi colonizing untreated stakes of Pinus radiata sapwood was followed in aboveground, groundline, and belowground zones. The course and speed of the succession in these zones was influenced both by the source of infection and the moisture content of the wood. Aboveground moisture content of the stakes limited development, and colonization by airborne fungi (blue-stain fungi to molds) did not proceed to the stage where decay fungi became established. At groundline and below where the succession of organisms (primary molds to soft-rot fungi to secondary molds and basidiomycetes) was complete, moisture content was more favorable for fungal growth. The succession proceeded more slowly belowground than at groundline because of (1) higher moisture content of the wood and (2) colonization being restricted to soil-borne fungi. Relative frequencies of fungi in each zone are tabulated and discussed. Decay capability tests were made to aid in establishing the role of soft rot and basidiomycetous fungi. The basidiomycetes encountered were not those usually isolated from posts of P. radiata in an advanced state of decay. Comparative studies of the effect of temperature and pH on the growth rate of the various fungi isolated were of little value in explaining the broad bases for the successional trends. Some basic problems remaining in ecological studies of wood-inhabiting fungi are discussed.

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Two blue-stain fungi colonizing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees infested by bark beetles in Slovakia, Central Europe

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-018-0114-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 (11) ◽

pp. 1053-1066 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katarína Pastirčáková ◽

Katarína Adamčíková ◽

Martin Pastirčák ◽

Peter Zach ◽

Juraj Galko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Central Europe ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Blue Stain Fungi ◽

Blue Stain

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Fungal Growth on Coated Wood Exposed Outdoors: Influence of Coating Pigmentation, Cardinal Direction, and Inclination of Wood Surfaces

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings9010027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laurence Podgorski ◽

Céline Reynaud ◽

Mathilde Montibus

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Coating System ◽

Cardinal Direction ◽

Blue Stain Fungi ◽

Clear Coating ◽

Blue Stain ◽

One Year ◽

Wood Surfaces

Four coating systems were exposed for one year outdoors at 45° south. They consisted of solventborne (alkyd based) and waterborne (acrylic based) systems in both clear and pigmented versions. Fungal growth visually assessed was compared to fungal enumeration, and the influence of exposure time on the main fungal species was studied. Results clearly showed that fungal growth was lower on the pigmented coating systems compared with their pigment-free versions. Although the clear solventborne coating included a higher amount of biocide, it was more susceptible to blue stain than the pigmented version. A new multifaceted exposure rig (MFER) also contributed to the study of fungal growth. It allowed samples to be exposed with nine different exposure directions and angles. Exposure using this MFER has shown that the worst cases (highest area and intensity of blue stain fungi) were for samples with the clear coating system exposed to north 45° and at the top of the MFER (horizontal surfaces). For any cardinal direction, all surfaces inclined at 45° displayed more blue stain fungi than vertical surfaces, due to a higher moisture content of the panels. Depending on the cardinal direction and the orientation, some surfaces were free of visible cracking, but colonized by fungi. It was concluded that the growth of blue stain fungi was not linked with cracking development.

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Mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi cause lesions on jack pine, lodgepole pine, and lodgepole × jack pine hybrids in Alberta

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b07-014 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 307-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Adrianne V. Rice ◽

Markus N. Thormann ◽

David W. Langor

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Mountain Pine Beetle ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Lesion Length ◽

Dwarf Mistletoe ◽

Mountain Pine ◽

Blue Stain Fungi ◽

Blue Stain ◽

Lodgepole Pines

Mountain pine beetles ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; (MPB)) have spread into lodgepole × jack pine hybrid ( Pinus contorta Douglas × Pinus banksiana Lambert) forests in Alberta and are predicted to spread into jack pine forests. Their success in these forests is uncertain but will be influenced by multiple factors, including the ability of their associated blue-stain fungi to colonize the trees and the health of the encountered trees. Healthy and dwarf mistletoe infected pines at three sites across Alberta (one site per pine species) were inoculated with three isolates each of Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingfield and Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx. Both fungi grew and caused lesions on all hosts, suggesting that MPB will not be limited by a lack of fungal growth. Both fungi caused longer lesions in jack and hybrid pines than in lodgepole pines, indicating that susceptibility varies among hosts and is greater in the novel systems than in the co-evolved one. G. clavigera caused longer lesions than O. montium in hybrids and lodgepole pines, while the two species caused similar-sized lesions on jack pine. Intraspecific variation was high in G. clavigera, with one isolate producing much shorter lesions than the other two. Dwarf mistletoe infestation had little effect on infection lesion length.

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Endemic Jeffrey Pine Beetle Associates: Beetle/Mite Fungal Dissemination Strategies and Interactions That May Influence Beetle Population Levels

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9081641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1641

Author(s):

Javier E. Mercado ◽

Beatriz Ortiz-Santana ◽

Shannon L. Kay

Keyword(s):

Bark Beetle ◽

Mountain Pine Beetle ◽

Jeffrey Pine ◽

Mutualistic Interaction ◽

Pine Beetle ◽

Blue Stain Fungi ◽

Blue Stain ◽

Grosmannia Clavigera ◽

Mutualistic Fungus ◽

Jeffrey Pine Beetle

Fungal and mite associates may drive changes in bark beetle populations, and mechanisms constraining beetle irruptions may be hidden in endemic populations. We characterized common fungi of endemic-level Jeffrey pine beetle (JPB) in western USA and analyzed their dissemination by JPB (maxillae and fecal pellet) and fungivorous mites to identify if endogenous regulation drove the population. We hypothesized that: (1) as in near-endemic mountain pine beetle populations, JPB’s mutualistic fungus would either be less abundant in endemic than in non-endemic populations or that another fungus may be more prevalent; (2) JPB primarily transports its mutualistic fungus, while its fungivorous mites primarily transport another fungus, and (3) based on the prevalence of yeasts in bark beetle symbioses, that a mutualistic interaction with blue-stain fungi present in that system may exist. Grosmannia clavigera was the most frequent JPB symbiont; however, the new here reported antagonist, Ophiostoma minus, was second in frequency. As hypothesized, JPB mostly carried its mutualist fungus while another fungus (i.e., antagonistic) was mainly carried by mites, but no fungal transport was obligate. Furthermore, we found a novel mutualistic interaction between the yeast Kuraishia molischiana and G. clavigera which fostered a growth advantage at temperatures associated with beetle colonization.

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