A Comparison of earlywood–latewood Demarcation Methods – A case study in Loblolly PINE

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Richard F. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Point Method ◽  
Threshold Density

Demarcating the transition from earlywood (EW) to latewood (LW) is important for accurately estimating the width of both wood types within an annual ring, their respective densities and the proportion of LW within an annual ring. Different methods have been used to define the transition from EW to LW and include Mork’s index, the threshold density method and the inflection point method. In loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) a threshold value of 480 kg/m3 (basic density) has conventionally been used to demarcate EW from LW. In this study the three methods: a threshold density of 480 kg/m3, the inflection point method and Mork’s index were used to define the point at which EW transitioned to LW using annual rings for 20 loblolly pine breast height increment cores. Significant correlation was observed among the three methods in identifying the demarcation point. However, the results indicated that EW-LW demarcation points identified using the three methods in juvenile wood rings were different to mature wood rings; with the most pronounced differences being observed for Mork’s index.

Effect of Crown Scorch on Survival And Growth of Young Loblolly Pine

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Waldrop ◽  
David H. Van Lear
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Crown Scorch ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Bark Char

Abstract Unthinned, pole-size loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the South Carolina Piedmont were burned at different seasons under minimal wind conditions to evaluate the effects of fire intensity on crown scorch. Needle drop, an indicator of crown scorch, was significantly greater on areas burned with medium- to high-intensity fires than on unburned plots. There was a direct relation between bark char height, beyond a threshold value of 3 feet, and crown scorch. Scorched needles fell within three weeks following fire. Moderate crown scorch had no detrimental effects on survival and growth of trees in the upper crown classes. Complete crown scorch resulted in the death of 20 and 30 percent of trees in the codominant and intermediate crown classes, respectively.

Managing Dense, Seed-Origin Loblolly Stands to Utilize the Favorable Juvenile Wood Core for Sawlog Production: A Case Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
G. A. Ruark ◽  
J. R. Saucier ◽  
R. G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Seed Origin

Abstract Approximately two-thirds of the loblolly pine forests in the South are regenerated by natural or direct seeding. Many of these stands are overstocked, challenged by hardwood and herbaceous competition, or lacking in fertility. Due to minimal management inputs, the initial diameter growth rates for stems in these stands are slow in many instances. Consequently, the juvenile wood cores in the boles of these trees are small relative to those of faster grown plantation stems. Thinning of such a stand at age 21 and application of fertilizer at age 23 dramatically increased diameter growth at breast height for all crown classes. The proportion of earlywood to latewood and the specific gravity of annual rings were not affected by either treatment, and they were highly favorable for quality sawn lumber. Earlier treatment of the study stand to coincide with the transition phase from juvenile to mature wood formation at age 15 would likely have optimized the future production of quality sawlogs. Timing of these treatments could best be gauged by the ring growth pattern of codominant trees in the stand and the stabilization of the annual earlywood to latewood ratio. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):5-9.

Fire and Fertilizer as Alternatives to Hand Thinning in a Natural Stand of Precommercial-Sized Loblolly Pine

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
F. Thomas Lloyd ◽  
Thomas A. Waldrop ◽  
David L. White
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Natural Stand ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract A winter backing fire thinned a natural 4-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand from below but reduced stem density less than did hand thinning. Application of nitrogen fertilizer did not accelerate natural thinning over the 4 yr test period. Burning and fertilizing increased dbh growth of crop trees, but gains were less than those produced by hand thinning. Height growth of crop trees was increased by fertilization but may have been reduced by burning. A case study showed that economic returns from prescribed burning were comparable to those from hand thinning for a 30-yr rotation. However, additional research is needed to produce prescription guidelines that minimize the risks of burning young stands before the practice can be recommended. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1): 5-9.

scholarly journals Utilization of polar metabolite profiling in the comparison of juvenile wood and compression wood in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1497-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.-F. Yeh ◽  
C. R. Morris ◽  
B. Goldfarb ◽  
H.-M. Chang ◽  
J. F. Kadla
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Metabolite Profiling ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Polar Metabolite

scholarly journals A Consensus Map for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.). I. Construction and Integration of Individual Linkage Maps From Two Outbred Three-Generation Pedigrees

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell M Sewell ◽  
Bradley K Sherman ◽  
David B Neale
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Mapping Function ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Linkage Data ◽  
Linkage Maps ◽  
Consensus Map ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract A consensus map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was constructed from the integration of linkage data from two unrelated three-generation outbred pedigrees. The progeny segregation data from restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and isozyme genetic markers from each pedigree were recoded to reflect the two independent populations of parental meioses, and genetic maps were constructed to represent each parent. The rate of meiotic recombination was significantly greater for males than females, as was the average estimate of genome length for males {1983.7 cM [Kosambi mapping function (K)]} and females [1339.5 cM(K)]. The integration of individual maps allows for the synthesis of genetic information from independent sources onto a single consensus map and facilitates the consolidation of linkage groups to represent the chromosomes (n = 12) of loblolly pine. The resulting consensus map consists of 357 unique molecular markers and covers ∼1300 cM(K).

Long-term effects of stand density management and genotype on wood properties of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the mid-South USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 491 ◽  
pp. 119176
Author(s):  
Michael A. Blazier ◽  
Thomas Hennessey ◽  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Scott Abbey ◽  
Ryan Holbrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Stand Density Management ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

scholarly journals Bedding and Fertilization Ameliorate Effects of Designated Wet-Weather Skid Trails after Four Years for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Plantations

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
William H. McKee ◽  
Gregory A. Scheerer ◽  
Mark D. Tippett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Wet-weather harvesting operations on wet pine fiats can cause soil disturbances that may reduce long-term site productivity. Site preparation and fertilization are often recommended as ameliorative practices for such disturbances, but few studies have actually quantified their effects on restoration. The purposes of this study were to quantify the effects of wet-weather harvest traffic in designated skid trails on soil properties and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growth, and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of site preparation. Study sites were established on wet pine flats of the lower Coastal Plain within the Francis Marion National Forest (Berkeley County, SC). Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot within a randomized complete block design. Treatments were two levels of traffic (nontrafficked, trafficked), four levels of mechanical site preparation (none, disking, bedding, disking + bedding), and two levels of fertilization (none, 337 kg /ha of 10-10-10 fertilizer). initially, the trafficking increased soil bulk densities and reduced soil water movement and subsequent growth of loblolly pine (years 1 and 2). Bedding combined with fertilization restored site productivity to non trafficked levels within 4 yr, but disking or fertilization treatments alone were not effective at ameliorating the traffic effects. The effectiveness of the bedding and fertilization treatments for amelioration of traffic effects was probably facilitated by the relatively small area of disturbed skid trails (<10%) found on these sites. Areas having more severe disturbance or higher percentages of disturbance might not be ameliorated as rapidly. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):222-226.

scholarly journals Four Site-Preparation Techniques for Regenerating Pine-Hardwood Mixtures in the Piedmont

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Waldrop
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Abstract Four variations of the fell-and-burn technique, a system developed to produce mixed pine-hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, were compared in the Piedmont region. All variations of this technique successfully improved the commercial value of low-quality hardwood stands by introducing a pine component. After six growing seasons, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) occupied the dominant crown position and oaks the codominant position in fell-and-burn treated stands on poor to medium quality sites. The precise timing of felling residual stems, as prescribed by the fell-and-burn technique, may be flexible because winter and spring felling produced similar results. Although summer site preparation burns reduced hardwood height growth by reducing the length of the first growing season, they did not improve pine survival or growth. Pines were as tall as hardwoods within four growing seasons in burned plots and within six growing seasons in unburned plots. Additional research is needed to determine the level or intensity of site preparation needed to establish pine-hardwood mixtures over a range of site conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):116-122.

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