ABNORMAL LIGNIN DISTRIBUTION IN WOOD FROM SEVERELY DROUGHT STRESSED PINUS RADIATA TREES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd A. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cell Wall Development

Radiata pine logs exhibiting concentric shelling were examined for abnormal wood anatomy and cell wall characteristics. The trees from which the logs originated were growing on coastal sand dunes with a shallow impermeable iron pan subsoil, and the abnormal wood properties are assumed to be the result of frequent water stress and possible associated nutritional stress. The wood showed numerous false growth rings alternating with bands of poorly lignified tracheids. Examination of lignin distribution by confocal fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormal cell wall development associated with a poorly lignified middle lamella and outer secondary cell wall. Affected tracheids showed poor adhesion with development of intercellular checking, particularly on radial cell walls. Some tracheids showed concentric lamellation associated with areas of high and low lignification within the secondary wall. In many cases, the S3 layer was thicker and more heavily lignified than normal. Tracheids with the greatest reduction in lignification of the secondary wall showed evidence of collapse. The shelling behaviour of the wood was thus explained by poor or negligible adhesion between tracheids due to reduced lignification of middle lamellae. This investigation provides some insight into the effect of growth environment on lignification.

Lignin distribution in waterlogged archaeological Picea abies (L.) Karst degraded by erosion bacteria

Holzforschung ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 791-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanna Bjerregaard Pedersen ◽  
Uwe Schmitt ◽  
Gerald Koch ◽  
Claus Felby ◽  
Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Residual Material ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Very High

Abstract The lignin distribution in poles of waterlogged archaeological Picea abies (L.) Karst, which was decayed by erosion bacteria (EB) under anoxic conditions for approximately 400 years, was topochemically identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution UV-microspectrophotometry (UMSP). Lignin rich cell wall compartments such as cell corner (CC), compound middle lamella (CML), torus, initial pit border and mild compression wood (CW) appeared morphologically well preserved together with S1 and S3 layers and epithelial and ray parenchyma cells. Residual material (RM) from degraded S2 showed a varied lignin distribution as evidenced by the different local UV-absorbance intensities. However, evaluation of UV-absorbance line spectra of RM revealed no change in conjugation of the aromatic ring system. Presence of RM with both very low and very high lignin absorbances showed evidence for disassembly of lignin during degradation combined with aggregation of lignin fragments and physical movement of these fractions. In contrast to TEM analysis, locally decreasing lignin content was found by UMSP in CML regions.

scholarly journals Chemical composition, anatomy, lignin distribution, and cell wall structure of Malaysian plant waste fibers

BioResources ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. S. Abdul Khalil ◽  
M. Siti Alwani ◽  
A. K. Mohd Omar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cell Wall Structure ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Palm Frond

The chemical composition, anatomical characteristics, lignin distribution, and cell wall structure of oil palm frond (OPF), coconut (COIR), pine-apple leaf (PALF), and banana stem (BS) fibers were analyzed. The chemical composition of fiber was analyzed according to TAPPI Methods. Light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe and determine the cell wall structure and lignin distribution of various agro-waste fibers. The results revealed differences in anatomical characteristics, lignin distributions, and cell wall structure of the different types of fibers investigated. Nevertheless, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs have confirmed that the well wall structure, in each case, could be described in terms of a classical cell wall structure, consisting of primary (P) and secondary (S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 ) layers.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure of Cells and Microanalysis in Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ Fruit in Relation to Varied Calcium Foliar Feeding

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 4622
Author(s):  
Piotr Kowalik ◽  
Tomasz Lipa ◽  
Zenia Michałojć ◽  
Mirosława Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membranes

Calcium is one of the most poorly reutilized nutrients. Its deficiencies cause various physiological disturbances and, consequently, reduce the quantity and quality of yields. Reduced content of Ca2+ ions in cells leads to development of, e.g., bitter pit in apples. Efficient and instantaneous mitigation of Ca2+ deficiencies is provided by foliar feeding. There are no detailed data on the effect of foliar feeding with various calcium forms on the cell structure or on the microanalysis and mapping of this element in apple fruit cells. Therefore, we carried out comparative studies of the ultrastructure of epidermis and hypodermis cells, to assess the content and distribution of calcium in the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, and precipitates of Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ fruit exposed to four Ca treatments, including the control with no additional Ca supplementation (I) and foliar applications of Ca(NO3)2 (II), CaCl2 (III), and Ca chelated with EDTA (IV). Light and transmission electron microscopy and an X-ray microanalyzer were used and showed a beneficial effect of calcium preparations on the ultrastructure of fruit epidermis and hypodermis cells, manifested in the presence of a normally developed cell wall with a regular middle lamella, preserved continuity of cytoplasmic membranes, and stabilized cell structure. In the selected elements of apical epidermis cells, the highest level of Ca2+ ions was detected in the middle lamella, cell wall, plasmalemma, and cytoplasm. The highest increase in the Ca2+ content in these cell constituents was recorded in treatment IV, whereas the lowest value of the parameters was noted in variant III.

Lignin Distribution in Coppice Poplar, Linseed and Wheat Straw

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Donaldson ◽  
Jamie Hague ◽  
Rebecca Snell
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Summary Lignin distribution was determined by interference microscopy, and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for a range of agricultural residues including coppice poplar, linseed, and wheat straw. Interference microscopy was used to determine the lignin concentration in the middle lamella at the cell corner, and for the secondary wall of libriform fibres in the secondary xylem of poplar and linseed. Wheat was examined in the same way for cortical fibres. In addition the secondary wall of vessel elements was examined for poplar. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm the results from interference microscopy by providing semiquantitative information based on lignin autofluorescence, and by staining with acriflavine. Wheat had the lowest level of lignification, with 31 % lignin in the middle lamella of cortical fibres and 9% lignin in the secondary wall. Poplar had a lignin concentration of 63% in the middle lamella and 6% in the secondary wall of libriform fibres, while linseed had corresponding values of 69 % and 13 %. The secondary wall of poplar vessel elements had a lignin concentration of 25 %. In all three species most of the stem tissue was lignified except for phloem and bark, where present. In linseed the pith was unlignified. In wheat, most of the parenchyma cells were lignified except for a few cells lining the stem cavity. Libriform fibres in poplar and linseed sometimes had an unlignified gelatinous layer in samples containing tension wood. In linseed, lignification was greater in xylem fibres compared to bast fibres. Ray parenchyma cells of poplar and linseed appeared to be lignified to the same extent as xylem fibres.

Ultrastructural Changes in the Cell Walls of Cambial Derivatives During Wood Formation in Indian ELM (Holoptelea Integrifolia)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karumanchi S. Rao ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Pramod Sivan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
S2 Layer

Sequential changes occurring in cell walls during expansion, secondary wall (SW) deposition and lignification have been studied in the differentiating xylem elements of Holoptelea integrifolia using transmission electron microscopy. The PATAg staining revealed that loosening of the cell wall starts at the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and spreads to radial and tangential walls in the zone of cell expansion (EZ). Lignification started at the CCML region between vessels and associated parenchyma during the final stages of S2 layer formation. The S2 layer in the vessel appeared as two sublayers,an inner one and outer one.The contact ray cells showed SW deposition soon after axial paratracheal parenchyma had completed it, whereas noncontact ray cells underwent SW deposition and lignification following apotracheal parenchyma cells. The paratracheal and apotracheal parenchyma cells differed noticeably in terms of proportion of SW layers and lignin distribution pattern. Fibres were found to be the last xylem elements to complete SW deposition and lignification with differential polymerization of cell wall polysaccharides. It appears that the SW deposition started much earlier in the middle region of the fibres while their tips were still undergoing elongation. In homogeneous lignin distribution was noticed in the CCML region of fibres.

Lignin distribution in mild compression wood of Pinus radiata

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd A Donaldson ◽  
Adya P Singh ◽  
Arata Yoshinaga ◽  
Keiji Takabe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Confocal Fluorescence

Lignin distribution in the tracheid cell wall of mild compression wood in Pinus radiata D. Don was examined by interference microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) microscopy. Two anatomically different samples of mild compression wood were compared with a sample of normal wood using quantitative interference microscopy and microdensitometry combined with confocal fluorescence microscopy to estimate the quantitative or semiquantitative lignin distribution in the S2 and S2L regions of the secondary cell wall and of the cell corner middle lamella (CCML). One of these samples was briefly examined by UV microscopy for comparison. Quantitative interference microscopy provided information on lignin concentration in different regions of the cell wall with values of 26, 46, and 57%, respectively, for the S2, S2L, and CCML regions of sample 1 and 20, 29, and 46%, respectively, for the same regions of sample 2. Microdensitometry of confocal fluorescence images provided semiquantitative information on the relative lignin distribution based on lignin autofluorescence. Comparison between the two compression wood samples using autofluorescence gave results that were in partial agreement with interference microscopy with respect to the relative lignification levels in the S2, S2L, and CCML regions. Some improvement was achieved by using calibration values for hemicellulose rather than holocellulose for interference data in the S2L region. Results for UV microscopy performed on sample 1 indicated that the lignification of the CCML region was comparable with that of the S2L region in this sample but with some variation among cells. All three techniques indicated significant variation in lignification levels of the S2L and CCML regions among adjacent cells and a significant reduction in the lignification of the CCML region compared to normal wood.Key words: lignin distribution, interference microscopy; confocal fluorescence microscopy, UV microscopy, mild compression wood, Pinus radiata D. Don.

Lignin Distribution During Latewood Formation in Pinus Radiata D. Don

IAWA Journal ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ring Boundary

Lignin distribution during formation of latewood tracheids in Pinus radiata, was determined by quantitative interference microscopy, and by potassium permanganate staining combined with transmission electron microscopy. Lignin distribution varied among trees sampled on the same date in late winter. In one tree, latewood tracheids were fully lignified up to the growth ring boundary. However in most trees sampled, latewood was only partially lignified. The extent of lignification varied from tree to tree but in all cases, at least some lignin was present in the middle lamella and primary wall at the growth ring boundary. Latewood was ideal for examining the lignification process because of the large number of different stages present in a single specimen.

scholarly journals Illustration of the Effects of Five Fungi on Acacia saligna Wood Organic Acids and Ultrastructure Alterations in Wood Cell Walls by HPLC and TEM Examinations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisa Mansour ◽  
Safa Abd Hamed ◽  
Mohamed Salem ◽  
Hayssam Ali
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Acacia Saligna ◽  
Electron Lucent

In the present study, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. wood blocks with dimensions of 0.5 × 1 × 2 cm were inoculated with five molds (Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Alternaria tenuissima, Fusarium culmorum, and Trichoderma harzianum) and the changes in the organic acids (oxalic, citric, tartaric, succinic, glutaric, acetic, propionic, and butyric) of powdered wood were analyzed by HPLC. The effects of the five inoculated fungi on the alterations to the wood cell wall ultrastructures were examined by TEM. The wood became more acidic as it was inoculated with the studied fungi. From the HPLC analysis, the oxalic acid (293.34 µg/g o.d.) in the A. saligna, A. tenuissima (167.33 µg/g o.d.), and T. harzianum (245.01 µg/g o.d.) wood decreased, but it increased in the A. flavus (362.08 µg/g o.d.), A. niger (1202.53 µg/g o.d.), and F. culmorum (431.85 µg/g o.d.) inoculated wood. Citric acid was observed in the wood inoculated with A. flavus (110 µg/g o.d) and A. niger (2499.63 µg/g o.d). Tartaric (1150.98 µg/g o.d), acetic (2.04 µg/g o.d), and propionic (1.79 µg/g o.d) acids were found in the wood inoculated with A. niger. Butyric acid was found in small amounts. A loss of wood substances appeared as the electron-lucent increased in the middle lamella and the layers of the secondary wall. Within the secondary cell wall regions, checks and splits were also noted, which resulted from the effects of the acids on the carbohydrates, according to the fungus type and the acids. In conclusion, increasing the amount of organic acids in the wood samples through inoculation with fungi results in more degradations in the wood, especially in the wood inoculated with A. niger.

scholarly journals Histone methyltransferase ATX1 dynamically regulates fiber secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis inflorescence stem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianqiang Wang ◽  
Denghui Wang ◽  
Wenjian Xu ◽  
Lingfei Kong ◽  
Xiao Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Histone Methyltransferase ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Inflorescence Stem ◽  
Secondary Wall Thickening ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
Stem Development

Abstract Secondary wall thickening in the sclerenchyma cells is strictly controlled by a complex network of transcription factors in vascular plants. However, little is known about the epigenetic mechanism regulating secondary wall biosynthesis. In this study, we identified that ARABIDOPSIS HOMOLOG of TRITHORAX1 (ATX1), a H3K4-histone methyltransferase, mediates the regulation of fiber cell wall development in inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genome-wide analysis revealed that the up-regulation of genes involved in secondary wall formation during stem development is largely coordinated by increasing level of H3K4 tri-methylation. Among all histone methyltransferases for H3K4me3 in Arabidopsis, ATX1 is markedly increased during the inflorescence stem development and loss-of-function mutant atx1 was impaired in secondary wall thickening in interfascicular fibers. Genetic analysis showed that ATX1 positively regulates secondary wall deposition through activating the expression of secondary wall NAC master switch genes, SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN PROTEIN1 (SND1) and NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR1 (NST1). We further identified that ATX1 directly binds the loci of SND1 and NST1, and activates their expression by increasing H3K4me3 levels at these loci. Taken together, our results reveal that ATX1 plays a key role in the regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis in interfascicular fibers during inflorescence stem development of Arabidopsis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document