Development and Structure of Pit Membranes in the Rhizome of the Woody Fern Botrychium Dissectum

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela C. Morrow ◽  
Roland R. Dute
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Combined Features ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

Botrychium dissectum Sprengel rhizomes were examined at monthly intervals from February 1993 through December 1994. Sampies taken ranged from those with an inactive cambium and only mature tracheids to those having an active cambium and immature tracheids. The vascular cambium became activated in the early fall prior to maturation of the leaf and fertile spike complex. Intertracheid pit membranes with tori were present in all sampies, although the morphology of the torus varied. The presence of tori was first observed in a tracheid that had just initiated its secondary wall formation. As the pit membrane matured, matrix material was hydrolyzed first from the margo area, then from the torus, and eventually the pit membrane was represented only by a very thin network of microfibrils. In addition, studies confirmed that tracheids bordering parenchyma cells developed a torus thickening, aIthough no thickening of the parenchyma cell wall occurred. Torus ontogeny in B. dissectum combined features previously described for angiosperms and gymnosperms.

Ultrastructure of parenchyma cell wall in bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) culms

Cellulose ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (13) ◽  
pp. 7321-7329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caiping Lian ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Shuqin Zhang ◽  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Junji Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Phyllostachys Edulis ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

scholarly journals Astringency in ʻGiomboʼ persimmon and its relationship with the harvest time

Revista CERES ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 646-652
Author(s):  
Magda Andréia Tessmer ◽  
Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória ◽  
Ricardo Alfredo Kluge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

ABSTRACT ʻGiomboʼ is one of most cultivated persimmon cultivars in Brazil. It is a late-harvest cultivar and requires treatment for astringency removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ethanol and the effect of harvest time on reducing astringency, physicochemical and anatomical characteristics of 'Giombo' persimmon. Two experiments were carried out, one in each growing season, with five treatments corresponding to exposure to 1.70 mL kg-1ethanol for 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. At the end of the growing season (2011) the fruits achieved the astringency index and levels of soluble tannins suitable for consumption in 24 hours, and at the beginning of the growing season (2012) in 36 hours, indicating that the efficiency of the treatment is related to harvest time and ethanol exposure time. Astringency removal with ethanol affects the cell structure with accumulation of substances inside the cells and in intercellular spaces, resulting in the degradation of the parenchyma cell wall. To avoid such damage and maintain fruit quality, it is recommended the combination of low ethanol doses with less ethanol exposure time.

Resistance of hardwood vessels to degradation by white rot Basidiomycetes

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1841-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
John R. Obst ◽  
John I. Hedges ◽  
Karen Weliky
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Acacia Koa ◽  
Monomer Composition ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Unusual Type

White stringy rot, an unusual type of selective fungal decay, can be found in wood of some dicotyledonous angiosperms. Stages of advanced decay consist of a mass of vessel elements with only remnants of other cells adhering to the vessel walls. Degradation by various white rot Basidiomycetes causes loss of fibers, fiber tracheids, and parenchyma cells but not vessels. In wood of Acacia koa var. koa with a white pocket rot caused by Phellinus kawakamii, fibers and parenchyma cells were preferentially delignified. After extensive lignin removal the cellulose remaining in the secondary wall was degraded. Large vessel elements remained relatively intact after other cells were completely degraded. The resistance of vessels to degradation appears to be due to their high ligninxarbohydrate ratio, lignin monomer composition, and cell wall morphology.

The fine structure of the pits of Eucalyptus regnans (F. Muell.) and their relation to the movement of liquids into the wood

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Observstion in the electron microscope of carbon replicas of the pits of vessels, ray parenchyma cells, fibres, and tracheids of Eucalyptus regnans has shown the detailed structure of the pit borders and the pit closing membranes. In all cases in the mature wood the primary wall is left apparently without modification as the pit membrane. Unlike the borders of the pits of fibre tracheids and tracheids, the pit borders of the vessels are not separate; the cellulose microfibrils of a border may be common to several pits. The pit borders of fibre traoheids and tracheids are developed as separate entities and have a structure similar to the pit borders of softwood tracheids. The structure of the secondary wall layers associated with the pits is described and related to the structure of the pits. The fine structural features of the pits, especially of the pit closing membranes, are discussed in relation to the movement of liquids into wood.

The Protective Layer as an Extension of the Apoplast

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Barnett ◽  
P. Cooper ◽  
Lynda J. Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Dying Cells ◽  
Tylose Formation ◽  
Universal Application

The protective layer between the cell wall and plasmalemma of xylem parenchyma cells has variously been suggested to be involved in protection of the protoplast from attack by autolytic enzymes from neighbouring, dying cells, tylose formation, deep supercooling of xylem, and strengthening of the pit. None of these ideas has universal application to all species in which parenchyma cells possess a protective layer. It is proposed instead, that the protective layer is primarily laid down in order to preserve apoplastic continuity around the protoplast of a lignified cell, bringing the entire plasmalemma surface, and not just that part of it in contact with the porous pit membrane, into contact with the apoplast. If this is so, then other functions may be coincidental, or have arisen secondarily.

scholarly journals The Nature of Reaction Wood III. Cell Division and Cell Wall Formation in Conifer Stems

1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABW Ardrop ◽  
HE Dadswell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation

Cell division, the nature of extra-cambial readjustment, and the development of the secondary wall in the tracheids of conifer stems have been investigated in both compression wood and normal wood. It has been shown that the reduction in tracheid length, accompanying the development of compression wood and, in normal wood, increased radial growth after suppression, result from an increase in the number of anticlinal divisions in the cambium. From observations of bifurcated and otherwise distorted cell tips in mature tracheids, of small but distinct terminal canals connecting the lumen to the primary wall in the tips of mature tracheids, and of the presence of only primary wall at the tips of partly differentiated tracheids, and from the failure to observe remnants of the parent primary walls at the ends of differentiating tracheids, it has been concluded that extra-cambial readjustment of developing cells proceeds by tip or intrusive growth. It has been further concluded that the development of the secondary wall is progressive towards the cell tips, on the bases of direct observation of secondary wall formation in developing tracheids and of the increase found in the number of turns of the micellar helix per cell with increasing cell length. The significance of this in relation to the submicroscopic organization of the cell wall has been discussed. Results of X-ray examinations and of measurements of� tracheid length in successive narrow tangential zones from the cambium into the xylem have indicated that secondary wall formation begins before the dimensional changes of differentiation are complete.

scholarly journals Characterizing Hyperspectral Microscope Imagery for Classification of Blueberry Firmness with Deep Learning Methods

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Bosoon Park ◽  
Tae-Sung Shin ◽  
Jeong-Seok Cho ◽  
Jeong-Ho Lim ◽  
Ki-Jae Park
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Cell To Cell Adhesion

Firmness is an important quality indicator of blueberries. Firmness loss (or softening) of postharvest blueberries has posed a challenge in its shelf-life quality control and can be delineated with its microstructural changes. To investigate spatial and spectral characteristics of microstructures based on firmness, hyperspectral microscope imaging (HMI) was employed for this study. The mesocarp area with 20× magnification of blueberries was selectively imaged with a Fabry–Perot interferometer HMI system of 400–1000 nm wavelengths, resulting in 281 hypercubes of parenchyma cells in a resolution of 968 × 608 × 300 pixels. After properly processing each hypercube of parenchyma cells in a blueberry, the cell image with different firmness was examined based on parenchyma cell shape, cell wall segment, cell-to-cell adhesion, and size of intercellular spaces. Spectral cell characteristics of firmness were also sought based on the spectral profile of cell walls with different image preprocessing methods. The study found that softer blueberries (1.96–3.92 N) had more irregular cell shapes, lost cell-to-cell adhesion, loosened and round cell wall segments, large intercellular spaces, and cell wall colors that were more red than the firm blueberries (6.86–8.83 N). Even though berry-to-berry (or image-to-image) variations of the characteristics turned out large, the deep learning model with spatial and spectral features of blueberry cells demonstrated the potential for blueberry firmness classification with Matthew’s correlation coefficient of 73.4% and accuracy of 85% for test set.

Parenchyma cell wall structure in twining stem of Dioscorea balcanica

Cellulose ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 4653-4669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasna Simonović Radosavljević ◽  
Jelena Bogdanović Pristov ◽  
Aleksandra Lj. Mitrović ◽  
Gabor Steinbach ◽  
Gregory Mouille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Structure ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

The structure of the cell wall in lignifield collenchyma of Eryngium sp. (Umbelliferae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Wardrop
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cell Axis ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Microfibril Orientation ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation

In Eryngium vesiculosum and E. rostratum, the leaf collenchyma is characterized by the development of a lignified secondary wall in the final stages of cell differentiation. The collenchyma wall is rich in pectic substances which are distributed uniformly. In the outer limiting region of the collenchyma wall the microfibril orientation is random and this structure is considered to be the wall formed at cell division. The collenchyma wall consists of six to eight layers in which the microfibrils are alternately transversely and longitudinally oriented. Each layer consists of a number of lamellae of microfibrils. In the secondary lignified wall the cellulose microfibrils are arranged helically, the direction of their orientation making an angle of 40-45° to the cell axis. Excised leaf segments showed greatest elongation in solutions of glucose and 3-indoleacetic acid, when the collenchyma walls were thin, and no elongation occurred in segments in which secondary wall formation had commenced. In radial sections layers of transversely oriented microfibrils could not be seen distant from the lumen although discontinuities in wall texture were apparent. Layers of transversely oriented microfibrils could be seen adjacent to the lumen. It is suggested that reorientation of layers of initially transversely oriented microfibrils takes place during elongation of the cells.

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