Characterizing Hyperspectral Microscope Imagery for Classification of Blueberry Firmness with Deep Learning Methods

Firmness is an important quality indicator of blueberries. Firmness loss (or softening) of postharvest blueberries has posed a challenge in its shelf-life quality control and can be delineated with its microstructural changes. To investigate spatial and spectral characteristics of microstructures based on firmness, hyperspectral microscope imaging (HMI) was employed for this study. The mesocarp area with 20× magnification of blueberries was selectively imaged with a Fabry–Perot interferometer HMI system of 400–1000 nm wavelengths, resulting in 281 hypercubes of parenchyma cells in a resolution of 968 × 608 × 300 pixels. After properly processing each hypercube of parenchyma cells in a blueberry, the cell image with different firmness was examined based on parenchyma cell shape, cell wall segment, cell-to-cell adhesion, and size of intercellular spaces. Spectral cell characteristics of firmness were also sought based on the spectral profile of cell walls with different image preprocessing methods. The study found that softer blueberries (1.96–3.92 N) had more irregular cell shapes, lost cell-to-cell adhesion, loosened and round cell wall segments, large intercellular spaces, and cell wall colors that were more red than the firm blueberries (6.86–8.83 N). Even though berry-to-berry (or image-to-image) variations of the characteristics turned out large, the deep learning model with spatial and spectral features of blueberry cells demonstrated the potential for blueberry firmness classification with Matthew’s correlation coefficient of 73.4% and accuracy of 85% for test set.

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Astringency in ʻGiomboʼ persimmon and its relationship with the harvest time

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/0034-737x201663050008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 646-652

Author(s):

Magda Andréia Tessmer ◽

Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória ◽

Ricardo Alfredo Kluge

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Exposure Time ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Parenchyma Cell ◽

Growing Season ◽

Ethanol Exposure ◽

Harvest Time ◽

Intercellular Spaces ◽

Parenchyma Cell Wall

ABSTRACT ʻGiomboʼ is one of most cultivated persimmon cultivars in Brazil. It is a late-harvest cultivar and requires treatment for astringency removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ethanol and the effect of harvest time on reducing astringency, physicochemical and anatomical characteristics of 'Giombo' persimmon. Two experiments were carried out, one in each growing season, with five treatments corresponding to exposure to 1.70 mL kg-1ethanol for 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. At the end of the growing season (2011) the fruits achieved the astringency index and levels of soluble tannins suitable for consumption in 24 hours, and at the beginning of the growing season (2012) in 36 hours, indicating that the efficiency of the treatment is related to harvest time and ethanol exposure time. Astringency removal with ethanol affects the cell structure with accumulation of substances inside the cells and in intercellular spaces, resulting in the degradation of the parenchyma cell wall. To avoid such damage and maintain fruit quality, it is recommended the combination of low ethanol doses with less ethanol exposure time.

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Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of colonization of xylem vessel elements of susceptible and resistant Dianthus caryophyllus by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b99-033 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. 644-663 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

G B Ouellette ◽

R P Baayen ◽

M Simard ◽

D Rioux

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Host Cell ◽

Parenchyma Cell ◽

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Cytochemical Study ◽

Secondary Invasion ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Parenchyma Cells

The colonization processes of the xylem in the susceptible carnation cv. Early Sam and the resistant cv. Novada were studied ultrastructurally following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. Samples from 1 to 3 cm above the incision were collected over 5 weeks and processed following conventional procedures as well as with probes for cellulose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and pectin. The fungus grew profusely in the vessel lumina of the susceptible cultivar. Some of the colonized vessels were lined with coating material connected to the fungal cell wall and extending into the host cell wall through microfilamentous-like structures. Coatings did not label for pectin or cellulose. The pathogen crossed from one vessel element to another (and at times to parenchyma cells) usually directly through pit membranes; often the invading structures of the fungus appeared to be either only membrane-bound or formed solely of microfilamentous-like entities. The fungus subsequently invaded extensively, generally by means of microhyphae, the vessel intercalary walls from the pit membranes and vessel wall junctures. Microhyphae had thin or imperceptible walls and contained only some of the normal cytoplasmic components. Initially, the invading hyphae dislocated the host cell walls, apparently mechanically more than by lysis; however, more pronounced lysis occurred following general tissue invasion. Host parenchyma cells seemed relatively unaffected, even after the surrounding walls had undergone severe degradation. Colonization of resistant plants was restricted. Degradation of tissues did not occur and microhyphae were not observed. Inoculated vessel elements in the 'Novada' plants contained numerous fungal cells and little occluding material, whereas the surrounding vessels were almost completely occluded. The initially invaded xylem became tangentially compartmentalized by parenchyma cell wall thickenings and by hyperplastic parenchyma. Occasionally, hyperplastic tissues were slightly re-invaded, forming secondary invasion pockets. Vessel-occluding material varied in structure and opacity, not only from vessel to vessel but also within the same vessel, and contained microfilamentous-like structures and other types of fine fibrillar material. Some vessel elements in or near the secondary invasion pockets contained only the finer fibrils that reacted strongly with an antibody specific for pectin. Vessel elements rarely contained tyloses.Key words: cellulose, chitin, Dianthus caryophyllus, Fusarium wilt, gels and gums, host wall degradation, microhyphae, pectin, tyloses.

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Development and Structure of Pit Membranes in the Rhizome of the Woody Fern Botrychium Dissectum

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000664 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 429-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Angela C. Morrow ◽

Roland R. Dute

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Secondary Wall ◽

Matrix Material ◽

Parenchyma Cell ◽

Pit Membrane ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Combined Features ◽

Early Fall ◽

Secondary Wall Formation ◽

Parenchyma Cell Wall

Botrychium dissectum Sprengel rhizomes were examined at monthly intervals from February 1993 through December 1994. Sampies taken ranged from those with an inactive cambium and only mature tracheids to those having an active cambium and immature tracheids. The vascular cambium became activated in the early fall prior to maturation of the leaf and fertile spike complex. Intertracheid pit membranes with tori were present in all sampies, although the morphology of the torus varied. The presence of tori was first observed in a tracheid that had just initiated its secondary wall formation. As the pit membrane matured, matrix material was hydrolyzed first from the margo area, then from the torus, and eventually the pit membrane was represented only by a very thin network of microfibrils. In addition, studies confirmed that tracheids bordering parenchyma cells developed a torus thickening, aIthough no thickening of the parenchyma cell wall occurred. Torus ontogeny in B. dissectum combined features previously described for angiosperms and gymnosperms.

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Ultrastructural effects of thaxtomin A produced by Streptomyces scabies on mature potato tuber tissues

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b00-013 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 374-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claudia Goyer ◽

Pierre-Mathieu Charest ◽

Vicky Toussaint ◽

Carole Beaulieu

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Potato Tuber ◽

Common Scab ◽

Streptomyces Scabies ◽

Intercellular Spaces ◽

Electron Dense Material ◽

Thaxtomin A ◽

Fibrillar Material ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Mature Field

The cytological and ultrastructural modifications induced by thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies, were analyzed on mature field-grown potato tuber tissues. In tissue sampled during the first 12 h after treatment with thaxtomin A, the plasmalemma of parenchyma cells was detached from the cell wall in several places. However, the plasmalemma did not appear ruptured. The intercellular spaces between the retracted plasmalemma and the cell wall often contained fibrillar material. After a longer period of time, cells from tissues treated with thaxtomin A showed significant disorganization, such as detachment and invagination of the plasmalemma, the presence of a fibrillar-like material in the cytoplasm, and electron-dense material associated with moribund cellular features.Key words: common scab, potato, phytotoxin, Solanum tuberosum.

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ROCK2 Regulates the Expression of Cell Adhesion Molecules and Cell-to-Cell Adhesion in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db18-476-p ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 476-P

Author(s):

YUSUKE TAKEDA ◽

KEIICHIRO MATOBA ◽

DAIJI KAWANAMI ◽

YOSUKE NAGAI ◽

TOMOYO AKAMINE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Cell Adhesion ◽

Adhesion Molecules ◽

Cell Adhesion Molecules ◽

Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Cell To Cell Adhesion

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Integrins: An Important Link between Angiogenesis, Inflammation and Eye Diseases

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10071703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1703

Author(s):

Małgorzata Mrugacz ◽

Anna Bryl ◽

Mariusz Falkowski ◽

Katarzyna Zorena

Keyword(s):

Cell Adhesion ◽

Tissue Repair ◽

Normal Development ◽

Cell Attachment ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Integrin Receptors ◽

Cytokine Activation ◽

Eye Disorders ◽

Membrane Bound ◽

Cell To Cell Adhesion

Integrins belong to a group of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) which is a large group of membrane-bound proteins. They are responsible for cell attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and signal transduction from the ECM to the cells. Integrins take part in many other biological activities, such as extravasation, cell-to-cell adhesion, migration, cytokine activation and release, and act as receptors for some viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). They play a pivotal role in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, tissue repair and are involved in the processes that are crucial to infection, inflammation and angiogenesis. Integrins have an important part in normal development and tissue homeostasis, and also in the development of pathological processes in the eye. This review presents the available evidence from human and animal research into integrin structure, classification, function and their role in inflammation, infection and angiogenesis in ocular diseases. Integrin receptors and ligands are clinically interesting and may be promising as new therapeutic targets in the treatment of some eye disorders.

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Differences in a Single Extracellular Residue Underlie Adhesive Functions of Two Zebrafish Aqp0s

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10082005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 2005

Author(s):

Irene Vorontsova ◽

James E. Hall ◽

Thomas F. Schilling ◽

Noriaki Nagai ◽

Yosuke Nakazawa

Keyword(s):

Cell Adhesion ◽

Single Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Difference ◽

Adhesion Assay ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Adhesive Properties ◽

The Difference ◽

In Vitro Adhesion ◽

Cell To Cell Adhesion

Aquaporin 0 (AQP0) is the most abundant lens membrane protein, and loss of function in human and animal models leads to cataract formation. AQP0 has several functions in the lens including water transport and adhesion. Since lens optics rely on strict tissue architecture achieved by compact cell-to-cell adhesion between lens fiber cells, understanding how AQP0 contributes to adhesion would shed light on normal lens physiology and pathophysiology. We show in an in vitro adhesion assay that one of two closely related zebrafish Aqp0s, Aqp0b, has strong auto-adhesive properties while Aqp0a does not. The difference appears to be largely due to a single amino acid difference at residue 110 in the extracellular C-loop, which is T in Aqp0a and N in Aqp0b. Similarly, P110 is the key residue required for adhesion in mammalian AQP0, highlighting the importance of residue 110 in AQP0 cell-to-cell adhesion in vertebrate lenses as well as the divergence of adhesive and water permeability functions in zebrafish duplicates.

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MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF MOSO BAMBOO (Phyllostachys pubescens MAZEL) SURFACE AFTER UV RADIATION

Surface Review and Letters ◽

10.1142/s0218625x19500902 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (01) ◽

pp. 1950090

Author(s):

HAIXIA YU ◽

XIN PAN ◽

WEIMING YANG ◽

WENFU ZHANG ◽

XIAOWEI ZHUANG

Keyword(s):

Uv Radiation ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Uv Light ◽

Parenchyma Cell ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Thick Wall ◽

Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽

Thin Wall ◽

Intercellular Spaces ◽

Parenchyma Cell Walls

Bamboo material is widely used in outdoor applications. However, they are easily degraded when exposed to sunlight, their smooth surface will gradually turn to rough, and small cracks will appear and finally develop to large cracks. The paper presents a first-time investigation on the microstructure changes in the tangential section of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) radiated by artificial UV light. The results showed that the cracks mainly appeared at intercellular spaces of fibers where lignin content was high, the parenchyma cell walls and neighbor pits where the cell wall was very thin and more vulnerable than the other parts. In addition, the part of raised area and pit cavity tended to absorb more UV light radiation and showed more and larger cracks than the otherwhere. Cracks at the intercellular spaces of fibers were larger and bigger than those on the parenchyma cell walls. The cracks on the pits of the parenchyma cell walls normally appeared at one pit and then extended to the several surrounding pits. Bordered pits cavity showed more and larger cracks than the pits on the thin wall cells. The simple pits on the thick wall cells and the fiber cells were unaffected by UV radiation.

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