Old Korean and Proto-Korean *r and *l Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107
Author(s):  
Alexander Vovin
Keyword(s):  
Different Types ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Data Call ◽  
Middle Korean

Abstract This article argues for new internal evidence for the existence of the contrast between *r and *l in Old Korean and Proto-Korean on the basis of the Hyangchal data and Old Japanese transcriptional glosses as well as Korean loanwords in Manchu and Jurchen that were not analyzed in this way before. Namely, I will argue that combined Old Korean and Middle Korean data call for the reconstruction of two different types of liquids in the position before *i: both stay intact in Old Korean, but in Middle Korean the first type undergoes elision, whereas the second type stays intact. I then attempt to identify these two types on the basis of the internal evidence and parallel phenomena attested in the Greater Manchuria linguistic area and elsewhere.

On the etymology of the Japanese plural suffix and its possible connection to Korean

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Alexander Francis-Ratte
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Form ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Middle Korean

Abstract This paper presents an etymological analysis of the Japanese plural suffix tachi, Old Japanese tati. I propose that tati originates from a grammaticalization of an earlier Pre-Old Japanese phonological form *totwi, the non-bound reflex of which is the Old Japanese quasi-collective marker dwoti ‘fellow (person), everyone, together’. The reconstruction of a Pre-Old Japanese stem *totwi (Pre-Proto-Japanese /*tətəj/) with quasi-collective and plural function clarifies the possible connection of the Japanese plural suffix to the Korean plural suffix tul (Middle Korean tólh), which Whitman (1985, p. 217) proposed to be cognates but which has since been criticized on phonological and distributional grounds. I show that reconstructing the earliest form of the Japanese plural suffix as /*tətəj/ resolves each of the three phonological issues with the Japano-Koreanic comparison, creates a better morphosyntactic match between the two languages, and rules out a loanword relationship of the Japanese and Korean forms.

Numerals in the Transeurasian languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 660-690
Author(s):  
Václav Blažek
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Accuracy ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Semantic Typology ◽  
Middle Korean

This chapter presents all relevant forms of the cardinal numerals 1‒10, 20‒90, 100, and sometimes also teens and ordinals, in all described Transeurasian languages. Besides all modern languages, where maximum accuracy in transcription is preferred, the old literary and epigraphic languages (Orkhon Runic, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid, Old Oghuz, Chaghatai; Middle Mongol, Written Mongol; Jurchen, Manchu; Middle Korean; Old and Classic Japanese), are also analyzed, including some relic languages known only fragmentarily (Kuman, Old Bulgar; Kitan; Baekje, Silla; Koguryo). On the basis of regular phonetic correspondences the related forms are projected into the partial daughter protolanguages: Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, and Korean. Instead of Proto-Japonic, the Old Japanese forms serve for this purpose. Applying the comparative etymological method to the final comparison between these partial protolanguages should lead to identification of inherited cognates from borrowings in agreement with phonetic rules, semantic typology, and in the perspective of possible influences of hypothetical substrata, adstrata, and superstrata.

scholarly journals A Case of Focal Choroidal Excavation Development Associated with Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Matsubara ◽  
Eriko Uchiyama ◽  
Katsuya Suzuki ◽  
Yoshito Matsuda ◽  
Mineo Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Japanese Woman ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Spectral Domain Oct ◽  
White Dot Syndrome ◽  
Focal Choroidal Excavation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Sd Oct

Focal choroidal excavation (FCE) is described as an excavated lesion of the choroid that can be detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT). While the exact pathogenesis of FCE remains unclear, it has been proposed in some cases that there is an association with the inflammation in the outer retina. We present a case of FCE development that was detected by spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) and found to be associated with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS). A 40-year-old Japanese woman was diagnosed with MEWDS based on multiple white dots observed from the posterior pole to the midperiphery, along with yellow granularity in the fovea. SD-OCT revealed separation between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch’s membrane (BM) and discontinuations of the ellipsoid zone, RPE, and BM. At 4 weeks after onset, several of the white dots disappeared, the yellow granularity in the fovea became small, and we detected nonconforming choroidal excavation under the central fovea. The choroidal excavation gradually deepened and changed to a conforming pattern. These findings suggest that the degree of the impairment caused by inflammation and the plasticity of the BM and RPE complex may be associated with different types of acquired FCE.

On the development of Korean SAY evidentials and their extended pragmatic functions

Diachronica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikyung Ahn ◽  
Foong Ha Yap
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Korean Speakers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Middle Korean

This paper examines the development of five hearsay evidential markers in Korean, namely, tako, tamye, tamyense, tanun and tanta, and traces their extended pragmatic functions in discourse. We first identify their functions over time, from Middle Korean to Modern and Contemporary Korean, then quantitatively analyze the usage frequency of these functions, diachronically from the 16th century to the early 20th century using the UNICONC historical corpus, and synchronically in present-day Korean using the Sejong contemporary written and spoken corpus. From a pragmatic perspective, we examine how Korean speakers use these hearsay evidential markers to convey the interpersonal and intersubjective stances of interlocutors in natural conversations. Based on the differential rates of grammaticalization of these markers, and on their usage frequency, we also examine the relationship between evidentiality marking and finiteness; more specifically, we analyze the sequences and mechanisms of change whereby different types of non-finite evidential structures develop into finite evidential constructions. Our findings have broader theoretical and crosslinguistic implications for understanding the mechanisms of insubordination, whereby dependent structures become independent, and whereby lexically transparent constructions develop into grammaticalized markers of speakers’ stance.

scholarly journals Vocalismo acentuado do Noroeste português

Revue Romane ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Brissos ◽  
Celeste Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
European Portuguese ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Vowel Systems ◽  
Data Call

The paper’s aim is two-fold: 1, to give an acoustical depiction of the vowel systems of Portuguese northwestern dialects; 2, to establish a correlation between those vowel systems and the ones that can be found in central-southern Portuguese varieties. The data call for a revision of some important aspects of Portuguese dialectology, namely: a) the description of northwestern dialects, as different types of diphthongs are found in different areas than the ones pointed out by dialectal studies; and b) the adequacy of the phonological vowel system traditionally used to describe European Portuguese as a means of representation of the continental dialectal varieties. Seven different systems are needed to represent all dialects comprised in this study.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Differentiating between different forms of moral obligations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Different Types

Abstract We argue that Tomasello's account overlooks important psychological distinctions between how humans judge different types of moral obligations, such as prescriptive obligations (i.e., what one should do) and proscriptive obligations (i.e., what one should not do). Specifically, evaluating these different types of obligations rests on different psychological inputs and has distinct downstream consequences for judgments of moral character.

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Amoeboid Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

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