Photography-based taxonomy is still really inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences. A reply to Thorpe (2017)

Bionomina ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
VICTOR G.D. ORRICO
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Type A ◽  
Main Issue ◽  
Type Preservation ◽  
Definition Of

A recent defense of the photo-based taxonomy is discussed. The main issue concerns the simplistic definition of “type”. A comparison with other material forms of type preservation highlights weaknesses inherent to the use of photographs as types. Additional arguments from Thorpe’s contribution are also reviewed and disputed.

scholarly journals Representações do conceito de Ecologia: análise de livros didáticos e concepção de alunos de Ciencias Biológicas

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liduina Lima Pires Barbosa ◽  
Andréa Pereira Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State University ◽  
Environmental Sciences ◽  
Biology Students ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
Definition Of

Resumo: A Ecologia é uma ciência que possui diferentes definições, sendo as mais utilizadas as de Haeckel e Krebs, contrastantes do ponto de vista temporal e conceitual. Por isso propomos: i) registrar as definições de Ecologia presentes nos livros didáticos utilizados na Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação de Itapipoca UECE/FACEDI e nas escolas do ensino básico de Itapipoca-Ceará e ii) acessar as representações do termo Ecologia partilhada pelos discentes de Biologia da FACEDI que já cursaram as disciplinas de Ecologia e aqueles que ainda não as cursaram. Com uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa descritiva documental, analisamos 35 livros, 15 universitários e 20 livros do ensino básico. Para verificar quais conceitos são compreendidos pelos licenciandos utilizamos um questionário, respondido por 97 estudantes universitários e analisado pelo método de análise conteúdo. Registramos que a maioria dos livros (27) trazia apenas a definição de Haeckel e utilizavam o termo Ecologia como sinônimo de Ciências Ambientais; apenas sete livros traziam as duas definições e um trazia apenas o conceito de Krebs. Esses dados demonstram que a definição de Krebs é menos difundida do que a de Haeckel, e isso se soma a uma limitação conceitual ao considerar Ecologia como sinônimo de Ciências Ambientais, embora ambas tenham escopo distintos. Registramos também que as percepções de Ecologia partilhada pelos alunos estão mais próximas da definição de Haeckel. Concluímos que a inconsistência conceitual amplamente difundida nos livros didáticos é também partilhada pelos alunos, especialmente aqueles que ainda não cursaram as disciplinas de Ecologia.Palavras-Chave: Ensino de Ecologia. Transposição Didática. Haeckel. Krebs.  REPRESENTATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF ECOLOGY: ANALYSIS OF DIDACTIC BOOKS AND CONCEPTION OF STUDENTS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Abstract: Ecology is a science that has different definitions the most used are those of Haeckel and Krebs, contrasting from a temporal and conceptual point of view. Therefore, we propose to: i) record the definitions of ecology present in the textbooks used at the State University of Ceara, the Faculty of Education of Itapipoca UECE/FACEDI and at the primary schools of Itapipoca-Ceara and ii) access the representations of the term Shared Ecology by the FACEDI Biology students who have already studied Ecology and those who have not yet studied them. With a descriptive quantitative-qualitative approach, we analyzed 35 books, 15 university students and 20 books of basic education. To verify which concepts are understood by the licensees we use a questionnaire, answered by 97 university students and analyzed by the content analysis method. We note that most of the books (27) contained only Haeckel's definition and used the term Ecology as synonymous with Environmental Sciences; Only seven books had the two definitions and only one contains only Krebs. These data demonstrate that the definition of Krebs is less widespread than that of Haeckel, and this adds to a conceptual limitation when considering Ecology as synonymous with Environmental Sciences, although both have a different scope. We also note that the perceptions of Ecology shared by students are closer to Haeckel's definition. We conclude that the conceptual inconsistency widely diffused in textbooks is also shared by the students, especially those who have not yet studied the subjects of Ecology.Keywords: Teaching Ecology. Didactic Transposition. Haeckel. Krebs.

scholarly journals The Principle of Continuous Biological Information Flow as the Fundamental Foundation for the Biological Sciences. Implications for Ageing Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavi Marsellach
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Face ◽  
Unique Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Flow Of Information

The current state of biological knowledge contains an unresolved paradox: life as a continuity in the face of the phenomena of ageing. In this manuscript I propose a theoretical framework that offers a solution for this apparent contradiction. The framework proposed is based on a rethinking of what ageing is at a molecular level, as well as on a rethinking of the mechanisms in charge of the flow of information from one generation to the following ones. I propose an information-based conception of ageing instead of the widely accepted damage-based conception of ageing and propose a full recovery of the chromosome theory of inheritance to describe the intergenerational flow of information. Altogether the proposed framework allows a precise and unique definition of what life is: a continuous flow of biological information. The proposed framework also implies that ageing is merely a consequence of the way in which epigenetically-coded phenotypic characteristics are passed from one generation to the next ones.

scholarly journals Double Crystals of Binary and Integral Matrices

10.37236/1112 ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. A. Van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jeu De Taquin ◽  
Crystal Graph ◽  
Integral Matrices ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Definition Of

We introduce a set of operations that we call crystal operations on matrices with entries either in $\{0,1\}$ or in $\mathbf N$. There are horizontal and vertical forms of these operations, which commute with each other, and they give rise to two different structures of a crystal graph of type $A$ on these sets of matrices. They provide a new perspective on many aspects of the RSK correspondence and its dual, and related constructions. Under a straightforward encoding of semistandard tableaux by matrices, the operations in one direction correspond to crystal operations applied to tableaux, while the operations in the other direction correspond to individual moves occurring during a jeu de taquin slide. For the (dual) RSK correspondence, or its variant the Burge correspondence, a matrix $M$ can be transformed by horizontal respectively vertical crystal operations into each of the matrices encoding the tableaux of the pair associated to $M$, and the inverse of this decomposition can be computed using crystal operations too. This decomposition can also be interpreted as computing Robinson's correspondence, as well as the Robinson-Schensted correspondence for pictures. Crystal operations shed new light on the method of growth diagrams for describing the RSK and related correspondences: organising the crystal operations in a particular way to determine the decomposition of matrices, one finds growth diagrams as a method of computation, and their local rules can be deduced from the definition of crystal operations. The Schützenberger involution and its relation to the other correspondences arise naturally in this context. Finally we define a version of Greene's poset invariant for both of the types of matrices considered, and show directly that crystal operations leave it unchanged, so that for such questions in the setting of matrices they can take play the role that elementary Knuth transformations play for words.

scholarly journals The Principle of Continuous Biological Information Flow as the Fundamental Foundation for the Biological Sciences. Implications for Ageing Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavi Marsellach
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Face ◽  
Unique Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Flow Of Information

The current state of biological knowledge contains an unresolved paradox: life as a continuity in the face of the phenomena of ageing. In this manuscript I propose a theoretical framework that offers a solution for this apparent contradiction. The framework proposed is based on a rethinking of what ageing is at a molecular level, as well as on a rethinking of the mechanisms in charge of the flow of information from one generation to the following ones. I propose an information-based conception of ageing instead of the widely accepted damage-based conception of ageing and propose a full recovery of the chromosome theory of inheritance to describe the intergenerational flow of information. Altogether the proposed framework allows a precise and unique definition of what life is: a continuous flow of biological information. The proposed framework also implies that ageing is merely a consequence of the way in which epigenetically-coded phenotypic characteristics are passed from one generation to the next ones.

Race, Definition, and Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Atkin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Population Cluster ◽  
Definition Of

Philosophical concerns about the reality of race often depend on the examination of our ordinary race concepts, and whether the biological sciences might support the existence of those concepts. We can approach these philosophical concerns by looking at how we might define a race concept from both ordinary discourse (the folk definition), and from the viewpoint of the biological sciences (as a subspecies or population cluster). After noting the difficulties with giving a satisfactory definition of race in both domains, we can see more clearly why our race concepts cannot claim any obvious support from the biological sciences.

scholarly journals Optimization of laboratory conditions for biosynthesis of type A trichothecenes

2007 ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Bocarov-Stancic ◽  
Vesna Jacevic ◽  
Radmila Resanovic ◽  
Milorad Bijelic
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Fusarium Sporotrichioides ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
C And N ◽  
Definition Of

Type A trichothecenes, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol - DAS, belong to one of the most toxic groups of fusariotoxins. Although larger quantities of them can be found more often in cooler parts of Europe, regarding their metabolic characteristics and the types of illnesses they provoke, it is obvious that even smaller quantities of these toxins can cause serious health disturbances of humans and animals in climatic conditions of Serbia. Having in mind the importance of these substances, the aim of this study was to carry out the optimization of laboratory conditions under which screening of Fusarium spp. isolates from Serbia, regarding T-2 toxin and DAS production, should be done. Four cultures of Fusarium sporotrichioides originating from different regions throughout the world, were under present investigation: ITM-391 (Italy), KF-38/1 (Poland), M-1-1 (Japan) and R-2301 (Germany). According to the previous literature data, all of these isolates were T-2 toxin producers, and some of them were also DAS producers. The influence of medium composition (different C and N atoms sources microelements etc), as well as aeration (in liquid media), on biosynthesis process of these mycotoxins, in vitro conditions was investigated. In the case of most Fusarium sporotrichioides isolates, highest yields of T-2 toxin and DAS were achieved under the conditions of more intense aeration, and with the use of glucose (5 or 20%) as a C atom source. Fermentation in semi-synthetic liquid medium, using a rotary shaker, was more suitable for screening the toxicity of the fungal isolates in pure culture because of shorter period of incubation, more simpler sample preparation, obtaining less interfering materials in crude toxin extracts, and possibility for more precise definition of factors influencing the yield of trichothecenes.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Pathogens which Might Be Used in an Bioterrorism Attack

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 54-68
Author(s):  
Piotr Daniszewski
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Dynamic Phenomenon ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Bioterrorism is a complex and dynamic phenomenon, occurring in various forms. It is difficult now to define a uniform definition of terrorism that is changing under the influence of the development of civilization, and especially the rapid progress in scientific and technical knowledge. The terrorists perfectly use the latest achievements of biological sciences in their terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article is to bring the phenomenon of bioterrorism.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BENEFICIAL OWNER CONCEPT FOR THE UTILIZATION OF THE INDONESIAN-NETHERLANDS TAX TREATY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-172
Author(s):  
Ardiansyah Ardiansyah
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Main Issue ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Definition Of

The Indonesia-Netherlands Tax Treaty is widely used by multinational corporations to avoid tax. The most crucial matter is how to determine the beneficial owner status, which is one of the requirements in the use of the Tax Treaty between Indonesia and the Netherlands. The main issue that becomes a problem is that the definition of beneficial owner is not clearly regulated in the Tax Treaty between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Therefore, disputes regarding the determination of the beneficial owner often occur. The attitude of judges in Indonesia on this matter is inconsistent. In certain decisions, the judge uses the principle of Substance Over Form and overrides formal evidence in the form of a Domicile Certificate. However, in another decision, the judge views the Domicile Certificate (SKD) as a reference without considering substantive facts. In another ruling, the judge used Dutch law to determine the beneficial owner status and override domestic legal provisions.

Deriving Identity from Extensionality

1998 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 189-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. M. ter Hofstede ◽  
Th. P. van der Weide
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Data Modeling ◽  
Type A ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Object Type ◽  
Identification Schemes ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conceptual Data

In recent years, a number of proposals have been made to extend conventional conceptual data modeling techniques with concepts for modeling complex object structures. Among the most prominent proposed concepts is the concept of collection type. A collection type is an object type of which the instances are sets of instances of another object type. A drawback of the introduction of such a new concept is that the formal definition of the technique involved becomes considerably more complex. In this paper a new kind of constraint, the extensional uniqueness constraint, is introduced, providing an alternative treatment of complex object types. The formal definition of this constraint type is presented, the advantages of its introduction are discussed, and its consequences for, among others, identification schemes are elaborated.

α‎-c.a. functions

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-54
Author(s):  
Rod Downey ◽  
Noam Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Computable Function ◽  
Order Type ◽  
Truth Table ◽  
Main Issue ◽  
Weak Truth Table Degrees ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter discusses the notion of α‎-c.a. functions. The main issue is to properly define what is meant by a computable function o from N to α‎, which is required for the definition of α‎-computable approximations. Naturally, to deal with an ordinal α‎ computably, one needs a notation for this ordinal, or more generally, a computable well-ordering of order-type α‎. To form the basis of a solid hierarchy, the notion of α‎-c.a. should not depend on which well-ordering one takes, rather it should only depend on its order-type. Thus, one cannot consider all computable copies of α‎. Rather, one restricts one's self to a class of particularly well-behaved well-orderings, in a way that ensures that they are all computably isomorphic. Having defined α‎-c.a. functions, the chapter relates these functions to iterations of the bounded jump (the jump inside the weak truth-table degrees).

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